Aspirin Or Warfarin To Prevent Stroke

Inclusion Criteria: TIA or non-severe stroke within 90 days prior to randomization (including day 90) Modified Rankin score of < 3 High grade stenosis (50 to 99 percent) of a major intracranial artery (carotid artery, MCA stem (M1), vertebral artery,and basilar artery) documented by conventional angiography within 90 days prior to randomization (including day 90) TIA or stroke is attributed to high grade intracranial stenosis Age > 40 years Patient is able to follow an outpatient protocol(requiring monthly blood tests and clinic visits every four months for the duration of the study) and is available by telephone Patient understands the purpose and requirements of the study, can make him/herself understood, and has provided informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Extracranial carotid stenosis (> 50 percent) ipsilateral to stenosis of the intracranial carotid artery or MCA (ie.tandem stenoses, either of which could have caused patient's symptoms) Isolated stenosis of the anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, MCA division, or a distal branch of the MCA Intracranial or extracranial arterial dissection, Moya Moya disease, vasculitis, radiation induced vasculopathy, fibromuscular dysplasia Presence of any of the following unequivocal cardiac sources of embolism: chronic or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, mechanical valve, endocarditis, intracardiac clot or vegetation, myocardial infarction within three months, dilated cardiomyopathy, left atrial spontaneous echo contrast A contraindication to the use of either warfarin or aspirin e.g. active peptic ulcer disease, active bleeding diathesis, platelets < 100,000*, hematocrit < 30*, clotting factor abnormality that increases the risk of bleeding, alcohol or substance abuse, severe gait instability, cerebral hemorrhage, systemic hemorrhage within the past year, severe liver impairment (SGOT > 3x normal*, cirrhosis), allergy to aspirin or warfarin, uncontrolled severe hypertension (systolic pressure > 180 mm Hg or diastolic pressure > 115mm Hg), positive stool guaiac that is not attributable to hemorrhoids, creatinine > 3.0* Indication for intravenous heparin beyond randomization A severe neurological deficit that renders the patient incapable of living independently Dementia or psychiatric problem that prevents the patient from following an outpatient program reliably Co-morbid conditions that may limit survival to less than five years Pregnancy or female in age range of childbearing potential who is not using contraception Enrollment in another study that would conflict with the current study Excluded because difficult to measure percent stenosis of these small arteries, lesions are uncommon, and prognosis of patients - With these lesions is unknown * on most recent test done within 90 days prior to randomization, including day 90