Reading Problems in Children Living in Urban Areas
Primary Purpose
Dyslexia
Status
Completed
Phase
Phase 3
Locations
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Reading Instruction
Sponsored by
About this trial
This is an interventional prevention trial for Dyslexia focused on measuring Reading disabilities, Inner-city, Urban
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria Student in participating school Kindergarten through Grade 4
Sites / Locations
Outcomes
Primary Outcome Measures
Secondary Outcome Measures
Full Information
NCT ID
NCT00065832
First Posted
August 1, 2003
Last Updated
June 2, 2015
Sponsor
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
1. Study Identification
Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT00065832
Brief Title
Reading Problems in Children Living in Urban Areas
Official Title
Early Interventions for Children With Reading Problems
Study Type
Interventional
2. Study Status
Record Verification Date
October 2004
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
July 1993 (undefined)
Primary Completion Date
undefined (undefined)
Study Completion Date
June 2002 (undefined)
3. Sponsor/Collaborators
Name of the Sponsor
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
4. Oversight
5. Study Description
Brief Summary
The first line of defense against reading disabilities is good classroom reading instruction. This study describes how characteristics of students, teachers, and instruction relate to academic achievement in inner-city kindergarten through Grade 4 classrooms.
Detailed Description
Recent studies show that the incidence of reading disability can be significantly reduced by improving classroom instruction. Effective reading instruction in the primary grades includes explicit instruction in the alphabetic principle, reading for meaning, and opportunities to practice reading and writing. To learn more about the development of literacy skills in urban settings, students in 17 schools in Houston and Washington, D.C., were followed from kindergarten through Grade 4. Schools were selected based on similar demographics: predominantly African-American student population (95%) and high participation in the federal lunch program (85% to 100%). Each school was provided with grade-appropriate reading programs that focused on phonics and spelling. These programs included direct, integrated, classroom, and individual instruction modules.
Approximately 1400 children and 114 teachers participated each year in this four-year study. The design was cross-sequential so that the majority of teachers in a grade participated for two years. All children participating in regular education were included in the study. Children below the 25th percentile on a standardized reading test were tutored individually by retired teachers, using materials from the classroom reading program. A variety of reading curricula were in place in the classrooms across these two sites. In order to help teachers implement these materials effectively, an ongoing research-based professional development model was employed, with curriculum consultants and coaches working with the teachers in the classroom. Researchers observed in each classroom four to six times during the year using on-the-minute recordings of content. Observers also completed ratings of teaching competencies. Teachers completed surveys of knowledge, experience, attitudes, and instructional strategies. A random selection of eight to ten students were assessed four times during the year for growth in literacy-related skills and once at the end of the year for achievement in reading, spelling, and writing.
6. Conditions and Keywords
Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Dyslexia
Keywords
Reading disabilities, Inner-city, Urban
7. Study Design
Primary Purpose
Prevention
Study Phase
Phase 3
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
None (Open Label)
Allocation
Non-Randomized
Enrollment
1400 (false)
8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
Reading Instruction
10. Eligibility
Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
5 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
8 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Student in participating school
Kindergarten through Grade 4
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Barbara R. Foorman
Organizational Affiliation
University of Texas
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
12. IPD Sharing Statement
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
12350038
Citation
Foorman BR, Anthony J, Seals L, Mouzaki A. Language development and emergent literacy in preschool. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2002 Sep;9(3):173-84. doi: 10.1053/spen.2002.35497.
Results Reference
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Citation
Fletcher, J.M., Foorman, B.R., Boudousquie, A., Barnes, M., Schatschneider, C., & Francis, D.J. (2002). Assessment of reading and learning disabilities: A research-based, treatment-oriented approach. Journal of School Psychology, 40, 27-63.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
11857904
Citation
Rayner K, Foorman BR, Perfetti CA, Pesetsky D, Seidenberg MS. How should reading be taught? Sci Am. 2002 Mar;286(3):84-91. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0302-84. No abstract available.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., Fletcher, J.M., Schatschneider, C., & Mehta, P. (1998). The role of instruction in learning to read: Preventing reading failure in at-risk children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 37-55.
Results Reference
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Citation
Fletcher, J.M., Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., & Schatschneider, C. (Winter, 1997). Prevention of reading failure. Insight, 22-23.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B. R. (Ed.) (2003). Preventing and Remediating Reading Difficulities: Bringing Science to Scale. Timonium, MD: York Press.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
14561564
Citation
Foorman BR, Breier JI, Fletcher JM. Interventions aimed at improving reading success: an evidence-based approach. Dev Neuropsychol. 2003;24(2-3):613-39. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2003.9651913.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Chen, D.T., Carlson, C., Moats, L., Francis, D.J., & Fletcher, J. (2003). The necessity of the alphabetic principle to phonemic awareness instruction. Reading and Writing, 16, 289-324.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Fletcher, J.M., & Francis, D.J. (2004). Early reading assessment. In W.M. Evers & H.J. Walberg (Eds.), Testing student learning, evaluating teaching effectiveness (pp. 81-125). Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Fletcher, J.M., & Francis, D.J. (1999). Beginning reading is strategic and by design multi-level. Issues in Education: Contributions from Educational Psychology, 5, 65-75.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Fletcher, J.M., & Francis, D.J. (1998). Preventing reading failure by ensuring effective reading instruction. In S. Patton & M. Holmes (Eds.), The keys to literacy. Washington, D.C.: Council for Basic Education.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., Beeler, T., Winikates, D., & Fletcher, J.M. (1997). Early interventions for children with reading problems: Study designs and preliminary findings. Learning Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8, 63-71.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., Davidson, K., Harm, M., & Griffin, J. (2004). Variability in text features in six grade 1 basal reading programs. Scientific Studies in Reading, 8(2), 167-197.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., Fletcher, J.M., & Schatschneider, C. (2000). Misrepresentation of research by other researchers. Educational Researcher, 29, 27-37.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., Fletcher, J.M., Schatschneider, C., & Mehta, P. (1998). The role of instruction in learning to read: Preventing reading failure in at-risk children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 37-55. [Reprinted in Wray, D. (Ed.) (2004). Major Themes in Education. London, UK: Routledge.]
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J., Fletcher, J.M., Winikates, D., & Mehta, P. (1997). Early interventions for children with reading problems. Scientific Studies of Reading, 1(3), 255-276. (Special issue on reading interventions)
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D.J, Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., & Fletcher, J.M. (1997). The case for early reading interventions. In B. Blachman (Ed.), Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia: Implications for early intervention (pp. 243-264). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., & Moats, L.C. (2004). Conditions for sustaining research-based practices in early reading instruction. Remedial and Special Education, 25(1), 51-60.
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., & Schatschneider, C. (2003). Measurement of teaching practices during reading/language arts instruction and its relationship to student achievement. In S. Vaughn and K.L. Briggs (Eds.), Reading in the classroom: Systems for observation of teaching and learning (pp. 1-30). Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Co.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Schatschneider, C., Fletcher, J.M., Francis, D.J., & Moats, L.C. (2004). The impact of instructional practices in grades 1 and 2 on reading and spelling achievement in high poverty schools. Manuscript under review.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B., Seals, L., Anthony, J., & Pollard-Durodola, S. (2003). Vocabulary enrichment program for third and fourth grade African American students: Description, implementation, and impact. In B.Foorman (Ed.) Preventing and Remediating Reading Difficulities: Bringing Science to Scale. (pp. 419-441). Timonium, MD: York Press.
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., & Torgesen, J.K. (2001). Critical elements of classroom and small-group instruction promote reading success in all children. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 16(4), 202-211.
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Citation
Francis, D.J., Chen, D.T., Foorman, B.R., Wristers, K., Schatschcneider, C., Carlson, C., & Fletcher, J.M. (2004). Sequencing Approaches to Reading Instruction in Grades 1 and 2: An Application of Segmented Growth Models to Longitudinal Crossover Trials. Manuscript submitted.
Results Reference
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Citation
Mehta, P., Foorman, B.R., Branum-Martin, L., & Taylor, W. P. (in press). Literacy as a unidimensional multilevel construct: Validation, sources of influence, and implications in a longitudinal study in grades 1-4. Scientific Studies of Reading.
Results Reference
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Citation
Moats, L.C., & Foorman, B.R. (2003) Measuring teachers' content knowledge of language and reading. Annals of Dyslexia, 53, 23-45.
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Citation
Moats, L.C., & Foorman, B.R. (2004). How quality of writing instruction impacts fourth graders' writing outcomes. Manuscript in preparation.
Results Reference
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Citation
Pollard-Durodola, S., Seals, L.M., & Foorman, B.R. (in press). Vocabulary enrichment project. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Co.
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PubMed Identifier
26151366
Citation
Rayner K, Foorman BR, Perfetti CA, Pesetsky D, Seidenberg MS. How Psychological Science Informs the Teaching of Reading. Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2001 Nov;2(2):31-74. doi: 10.1111/1529-1006.00004. Epub 2001 Nov 1.
Results Reference
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Citation
Schatschneider, C., Fletcher, J., Francis, D., Carlson, C., & Foorman, B. (2004). Kindergarten prediction of reading skills: A longitudinal comparative study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 265-282.
Results Reference
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Citation
Schatschneider, C., Francis, D.J., Foorman, B.R., & Fletcher, J.M. (1999). The dimensionality of phonological awareness: An application of item response theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 439-449.
Results Reference
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Citation
Fletcher, J.M., Foorman, B.R., & Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A. (1999). Conceptual and methodological issues in dyslexia research: A lesson for developmental disorders (pp. 271-306). In H. Tager-Flusberg (Ed.), Neurodevelopmental disorders. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Results Reference
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Citation
Fletcher, J., Francis, D., Shaywitz, B., Foorman, B., & Shaywitz, S. (1998). Intelligence testing and the discrepancy model for children with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 13, 186-203.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R. (1995). Research on The Great Debate: Code-oriented versus whole-language approaches to reading instruction. School Psychology Review, 24, 376-392. (Invited article for special issue on research on reading instruction.)
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., Francis, D., Fletcher, J., & Lynn, A. (1996). Relation of phonological and orthographic processing to early reading: Comparing two approaches to regression-based, reading-level-match designs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 639-652.
Results Reference
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Citation
Foorman, B.R., & Schatschneider, C. (1997). Beyond alphabetic reading: Comments on Torgesen's prevention and intervention studies. Journal of Academic Language Therapy, 1(1), 59-65.
Results Reference
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PubMed Identifier
15493321
Citation
Schatschneider C, Carlson CD, Francis DJ, Foorman BR, Fletcher JM. Relationship of rapid automatized naming and phonological awareness in early reading development: implications for the double-deficit hypothesis. J Learn Disabil. 2002 May-Jun;35(3):245-56. doi: 10.1177/002221940203500306.
Results Reference
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Reading Problems in Children Living in Urban Areas
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