Transfusion Effects in Myelodysplastic Patients: Limiting Exposure

Inclusion Criteria: diagnosis myelodysplastic syndrome (primary or secondary) based on cytopenia in at least 1 cell line + dysplasia in 2 cell lines (and no other cause (especially deficiencies)) and a pathologic anatomic diagnosis after bone marrow punction. refractory anaemia (RA): blood: ≤ 1% blasts, ≤ 1 x 109 monocytes; bone marrow: < 5% blasts, ringed sideroblasts ≤ 15% of the erythroid cells refractory anaemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS): blood: ≤ 1% blasts, ≤ 1 x 109 monocytes; bone marrow: < 5% blasts, ringed sideroblasts > 15% of the erythroid cells refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB): blood: < 5% blasts, ≤ 1 x 109 monocytes; bone marrow: blasts ≥ 5 -≤ 20% chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML): blood: >1 x 109/l monocytes, <5% blasts; bone marrow: blasts < 20%, increase of the monocytic component erythrocyte transfusion need working knowledge of the national language written consent for participating this study (informed consent) Exclusion Criteria: candidate for bone marrow- or organ transplantation medication: growth factors (GM-CSF), or EPO patients who will receive an intensive chemotherapeutic treatment with a cytopenia, expected longer than 2 weeks refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t): blood: ≥ 5% blasts or Auer rods; bone marrow: or blasts > 20 - < 30% or Auer rods pregnancy at the moment of inclusion patients with congenital severe haemolytic anaemia, like thalassemia or sickle cell anaemia patients with AIDS or a severe congenital or acquired (e.g. iatrogenic) immunological disorder severe active infections at the moment of inclusion severe cardiac, pulmonal, neurological, metabolic or psychiatric disease at the moment of inclusion