Timed Release Tablet Prednisone in Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Circadian Variation in Cytokines and the Effect of Timed Release Tablet Prednisone in Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a disease that usually affects older people. Patients complain of stiffness and pain around the shoulders and hips. The stiffness is more severe in the morning. Research in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), which is also much worse in the mornings, has shown that IL-6 (a chemical messenger) peaks in the morning with very low levels in the evening. This may explain why stiffness is most severe in the morning. The investigators have recently shown that timed release tablet (TRT) prednisone reduced morning IL-6 levels close to normal in RA patients. In PMR, IL-6 levels are high. Given that both RA and PMR have the same variation of symptoms (worse in the morning); it's likely that PMR patients have the same variation in IL-6 levels. In a pilot study of 4 patients conducted within our department, IL-6 levels did, indeed, show a pattern similar to that found in RA patients, but the number of patients is small and the results need to be confirmed. PMR is treated with moderate doses of glucocorticoid for about 2 years. While generally abolishing symptoms, these doses are very likely to cause adverse effects such as high blood pressure, weight gain and diabetes. These side effects are much less frequent when lower doses are used but these are not sufficient to control PMR using traditional dosing regimes. Therefore, the investigators wish to investigate whether TRT prednisone in PMR will reduce IL-6 and morning symptoms similar to those in RA. The investigators think that it will do so, and will achieve symptomatic relief at a lower dose. If this is the case, then treating patients with lower doses may mean reduced risk of glucocorticoid induced side effects in the future. Patients will be recruited through the outpatient clinics at the University Hospitals Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Rheumatology Centre. Each patient will give fully informed consent after being given details of the study and a patient information sheet. The research doctor will take the consent 2-5 days after this information has been provided and with the presence of a witness. The study will consist of the collection and analysis of sequential blood samples over a 24 hour period on 2 occasions 2 weeks apart, taking TRT prednisone 7 mg / standard release prednisolone 7 mg for the intervening period. The investigators will aim to recruit 12 patients in each arm. A single blood sample will be taken when the patient comes for a routine review 2 weeks later.

The volunteers will stay overnight in the Rheumatology Centre; 24-hour Research Facility on two occasions (Night A and Night B) 12-16 days apart. This slight flexibility will allow some leeway in arranging residency nights. In general the investigators will aim for 14 days. After Night A, each volunteer will be randomized (in pre-prepared sealed envelopes) to take one tablet morning or evening. Half the patients will take active standard release prednisolone in the morning. The other half will receive active TRT Prednisone 7mg to be taken each evening at 22:00 until the day after Night B. All study medication will then be discontinued and standard therapy (prednisolone 15mg each morning) commenced. Patients will be reviewed after 2 weeks to ensure expected clinical response and to measure IL-6 and other cytokines in the blood sample that is also needed to check the acute phase response. On Night A and Night B, volunteers will attend the Rheumatology Centre at 15:00. First, standard assessment tools will be used by the research doctor to assess the state of the patient's condition. These assessments will be: Morning stiffness (minutes) Pain (visual analogue scale) Patient's opinion of condition Clinician's opinion of condition Health Assessment Questionnaire BRAF-MDQ fatigue scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An intravenous (IV) cannula will be inserted into the elbow area. At least one hour after the IV cannula is placed, but usually at 16:30, a blood sample (2ml) will be taken through the IV cannula and the cannula flushed. At 22:30 the main lights will be switched off and the volunteer encouraged to sleep. In total, 20 samples will be taken from the cannula over 24 hours. The investigators will calculate mean and standard deviation (or non-parametric analysis if the data are not normally distributed) for blood cytokines for each time point. These mean and standard deviations will be compared for pre- and post-TRT prednisone samples.

12 patients will be taking the intervention night time timed release tablet (TRT) prednisone at a dose of 7mg a day over 2 weeks.

Pre-treatment (Night A) peak minus post-treatment (Night B) peak. Peaks defined as the highest value for each patient from measures at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5, 15.5, 17, 19, 20.5, 22, and 24 hours after 16.30 on day before treatment (Night A) and last day of treatment (Night B) and the peak identified for each one.

Pre-treatment (Night A) AUC minus post-treatment (Night B) AUC. AUC calculated from measures at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5, 15.5, 17, 19, 20.5, 22, and 24 hours after 16.30 on day before treatment (Night A) and last day of treatment (Night B).

How long was your morning stiffness today? Pre-treatment (Night A) value minus post-treatment (Night B) value divided by pre-treatment value.

100mm visual analogue scale. Question: How much pain have you had in the last 24 hours? Anchors: No pain; Severe pain. Min score 0, Max score 100. Higher value is worse outcome.

100mm visual analogue scale. Question: Considering all the ways your pain and/or stiffness affect(s) you, please mark on the line how well you are doing. Anchors: Very well; Very badly. Min 0 Max 100 (poor outcome).

100mm visual analogue scale. Question: Clinician's opinion of disease activity. Anchors: None; Severe Min 0 Max 100 (worse)

Inclusion Criteria: Diagnosis of PMR by standard criteria. The Bird criteria will be used. 3 or more features are required to make the diagnosis. Bilateral shoulder pain/stiffness Duration of symptoms <2/52 Initial ESR >40 mm/h Stiffness >1 h Age >65 years Depression and/or weight loss Bilateral upper arm tenderness Are over 50 but less than 85 years old. No or stable NSAID or analgesic therapy for at least 7 days. Currently active disease defined by a CRP at least 10mg/L, ESR at least 29mm in one hour or PV >1.72 Exclusion Criteria: Currently on oral glucocorticoid treatment or taken within 2 months Parenteral glucocorticoid treatment with the last 2 months Pregnancy and lactation Inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, asthma Co-existent giant cell arteritis Other auto-immune diseases Cancer Infections, treatment with antibiotics within the past 6 weeks Significant renal disease (creatinine >150 μmol/L) Significant hepatic impairment Participation in a clinical trial within the past 30 days Working shift employee Jet lag