Change From Baseline to 24 Hours Post-dose in Number of Spontaneous Bowel Movements (SBMs) Per Day
Participants completed a bowel function assessment daily diary to record information about bowel movements and constipation. A spontaneous bowel movement was defined as a bowel movement where no laxative or enema was used in the 24 hours preceding the bowel movement.
Baseline was defined as the average number of SBMs per day during the 2 weeks prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15).
Change From Baseline to 48 Hours Post-dose in the Number of SBMs Per Day
Participants completed a bowel function assessment daily diary to record information about bowel movements and constipation. A spontaneous bowel movement was defined as a bowel movement where no laxative or enema was used in the 24 hours preceding the bowel movement. Baseline was defined as the average number of SBMs per day during the 2 weeks prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). Forty-eight hours post-dose was defined as the average number of SBMs per day from 0 to 48 hours post-dose.
Change From Baseline to 24 Hours Post-dose in Number of Bowel Movements (BM) Per Day
Participants completed a bowel function assessment daily diary to record information about bowel movements and constipation. Baseline was defined as the average number of BMs per day during the 2 weeks prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15).
Change From Baseline to 48 Hours Post-dose in Number of Bowel Movements Per Day
Participants completed a bowel function assessment daily diary to record information about bowel movements and constipation. Baseline was defined as the average number of BMs per day during the 2 weeks prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). Forty-eight hours post-dose was defined as the average number of BMs per day from 0 to 48 hours post-dose.
Change From Baseline to 24 Hours Post-dose in Number of Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movements (CSBMs) Per Day
Participants completed a bowel function assessment daily diary to record information about bowel movements and constipation. A complete spontaneous bowel movement was defined as a bowel movement where no laxative or enema was used and the bowel movement resulted in a sensation of complete evacuation (based on the question of "having a feeling of complete emptying after the bowel movement").
Baseline was defined as the average number of CSBMs per day during the 2 weeks prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15).
Change From Baseline to 48 Hours Post-dose in Number of Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movements (CSBMs) Per Day
Participants completed a bowel function assessment daily diary to record information about bowel movements and constipation. A complete spontaneous bowel movement was defined as a bowel movement where no laxative or enema was used and the bowel movement resulted in a sensation of complete evacuation (based on the question of "having a feeling of complete emptying after the bowel movement").
Baseline was defined as the average number of CSBMs per day during the 2 weeks prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). Forty-eight hours post-dose was defined as the average number of CSBMs per day from 0 to 48 hours post-dose.
Time to First Spontaneous Bowel Movement
The time to first SBM during the Study Drug Administration Period was summarized using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Each participant's first SBM was counted as an event and the time to first SBM after dosing was calculated from the date and time of first dosing until the date and time of first SBM. Participants who dropped out or were lost to follow-up before the first SBM were censored.
Time to First Bowel Movement
The time to first BM during the Study Drug Administration Period was summarized using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Each participant's first BM was counted as an event and the time to first BM after dosing was calculated from the date and time of first dosing until the date and time of first BM. Participants who dropped out or were lost to follow-up before the first BM were censored.
Time to First Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movement
The time to first CSBM during the Study Drug Administration Period was summarized using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Each participant's first CSBM was counted as an event and the time to first CSBM after dosing was calculated from the date and time of first dosing until the date and time of first CSBM. Participants who dropped out or were lost to follow-up before the first CSBM were censored.
Change From Baseline in Straining During Bowel Movements
Straining during BMs was graded using the following scale: 0 = Absent; 1 = Mild; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Severe; 4 = Very Severe.
Baseline was defined as the average straining score of all BMs prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). The straining score at 24 and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as the average straining score from all bowel movements from 0 to 24 and 0 to 48 hours post-dose, respectively.
Change From Baseline to 24 Hours Post-dose in Number of Complete Bowel Movements Per Day
A complete bowel movement (CBM) was defined as a bowel movement that resulted in a sensation of complete evacuation based on the question "Did you have a feeling of complete emptying after the bowel movement?" Baseline was defined as the average number of CBMs per day prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15).
Change From Baseline to 48 Hours Post-dose in Number of Complete Bowel Movements Per Day
A complete bowel movement (CBM) was defined as a bowel movement that resulted in a sensation of complete evacuation based on the question "Did you have a feeling of complete emptying after the bowel movement?" Baseline was defined as the average number of CBMs per day prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to 15). Forty-eight hours post-dose was calculated as the average number of CBMs per day from 0 to 48 hours post-dose.
Change From Baseline in Abdominal Bloating
Participants were asked to rate their abdominal bloating for the past 24 hours using the following scale:
0 = Absent; 1 = Mild; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Severe; 4 = Very Severe. Baseline was defined as the average abdominal bloating score prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). Abdominal bloating at 24 hours and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as the mean score from 0 to 24 and 0 to 48 hours post-dose respectively.
Change From Baseline in Abdominal Discomfort
Participants were asked to rate their abdominal discomfort for the past 24 hours using the following scale:
0 = Absent; 1 = Mild; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Severe; 4 = Very Severe. Baseline was defined as the average abdominal discomfort score prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). Abdominal discomfort at 24 hours and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as the mean score from 0 to 24 and 0 to 48 hours post-dose respectively.
Change From Baseline in BM Consistency
Consistency of BMs was measured using the Bristol Stool Scale, as follows:
1 = separate hard lumps like nuts; 2 = sausage shaped but lumpy; 3 = like a sausage, but with cracks on its surface; 4 = like a sausage or a snake, smooth and soft; 5 = soft blobs and with clear-cut edges; 6 = floppy pieces with ragged edges/mushy stool; 7 = watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid.
Baseline was defined as the average consistency of BMs prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). BM consistency at 24 hours and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as the average scores from all bowel movements from 0 to 24 and 0 to 48 hours post-dose, respectively.
Change From Baseline in Number of False Start Bowel Movements Per Day
A false start was defined as any attempted, but unsuccessful bowel movement (no solid or liquid fecal material was excreted) based on the question "In the past 24 hours, how many times did you try to have a bowel movement but were unsuccessful?" Baseline was defined as the average number of false start BMs per day prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15).
The number of false start BMs per day at 24 hours and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as is the average number of false start BMs per day from 0 to 24 and 0 to 48 hours post-dose, respectively.
Change From Baseline in the Number of Bowel Movements With No Straining Per Day
Straining during BMs was graded using the following scale:
0 = Absent; 1 = Mild; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Severe; 4 = Very Severe. A BM without straining was defined as a BM with a straining score = 0.
Baseline was defined as the average number of BMs without straining per day prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). The number of BMs without straining per day at 24 hours and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as the average number of BMs with no straining per day from 0 to 24 hours and 0 to 48 hours post-dose, respectively.
Change From Baseline in Number of Rescue Medications Used Per Day
Baseline was defined as the average number of rescue medications used per day prior to receiving study drug (Day 1 to Day 15). The number of rescue medications used per day at 24 hours and 48 hours post-dose was calculated as the average number of rescue medications used per day from 0 to 24 hours and 0 to 48 hours post-dose, respectively.
Percentage of Participants With Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) Score > 8 at Any Time During the Study
The COWS assessment consisted of 11 questions which rated the severity of opiate withdrawal symptoms, including resting pulse rate, gastrointestinal upset, sweating, restlessness, pupil size, tremor, anxiety or irritability, bone or joint aches, gooseflesh skin, yawning, and runny nose or tearing. Each symptom was rated on a scale from 0 (not present) to 4 or 5 (most severe). The total score was calculated by summing the 11 individual scores and ranged from 0 (no withdrawal symptoms) to 48 (worst symptoms).
Percentage of Participants With Webster Opiate Withdrawal Scale (WOWS) Score > 8 at Any Time During the Study
The Webster Opiate Withdrawal Scale (WOWS) assessment consisted of 7 questions which rate the severity of opiate withdrawal symptoms, including sweating, sleep, bone or joint aches, runny nose or tearing, gastrointestinal upset, anxiety or irritability and gooseflesh skin. Each symptom was rated on a scale from 0 (not present/no issues) to 4 or 5 (severe). The total score was calculated by summing the 7 individual scores and ranged from 0 (no withdrawal symptoms) to 29 (worst symptoms).
Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Naldemedine and Metabolite Nor-S-297995
The plasma concentration of naldemedine and its metabolite Nor-S-297995 were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method.
Time to Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration of Naldemedine and Metabolite Nor-S-297995
The plasma concentration of naldemedine and its metabolite Nor-S-297995 were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method.
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Measurable Concentration of Naldemedine and Metabolite Nor-S-297995
The plasma concentration of naldemedine and its metabolite Nor-S-297995 were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero to the last sampling time at which concentrations were at or above the limit of quantitation, calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing concentrations and the logarithmic rule for decreasing concentrations (Linear Up/ Log Down).
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity for Naldemedine and Metabolite Nor-S-297995
The plasma concentration of naldemedine and its metabolite Nor-S-297995 were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity, calculated using the formula: AUC0-inf = AUC0-t + Ct/λZ where Ct was the last measurable concentration and λZ was the apparent terminal elimination rate constant.
Apparent Elimination Half-life of Naldemedine and Metabolite Nor-S-297995
The plasma concentration of naldemedine and its metabolite Nor-S-297995 were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. The apparent elimination half-life was calculated using the formula t1/2,z = (ln2)/λZ