Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Horizontal Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is "bits per second".
The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Horizontal Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Horizontal Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets.
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Vertical Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is "bits per second".
The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Vertical Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Vertical Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets.
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is "bits per second".
The high value of throughput means better performance. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP).
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP).
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Center-Out Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, Mouse, and SnP (Movement Time)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Center-out Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The movement time is the cursor movement time from the initial movement to the final movement for each target. This task is tested by the TDS, keypad, mouse and the sip-and-puff device (SnP).
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Throughput)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Multi-directional Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. This data was then fed into an equation, which provided the throughput measure. The unit of throughput is "bits per second".
The high value of throughput means better performance. Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Fitts' Law: Multi-Directional Tapping Using TDS, Keypad, and Mouse (Error Rate)
Subjects used the tongue drive system (TDS) to move the mouse cursor towards targets with various sizes and distances on the computer screen (Multi-directional Tapping task) and select those targets. The computer measured the time it took for the subjects to reach the targets and the accuracy of their selections from the center of the targets. The error rate is the rate of outside of targets vs. total targets.
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Information Transfer Rate (ITR)
Computer randomly highlights one out of six or four commands and the subjects issue that particular command using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Subjects are given a time period (T). The time intervals for the TDS:(Group-A)2.0s,1.5s,1.0s,(Group-B &-C)1.0s,0.7s,0.5s, SnP:(Group-C)1.2s,1.0s,0.7s. The saturated results were observed from the second session during Group-A trials. Therefore, we reduced the time period from the Group-B trial. Moreover, the SnP device needs a certain time period to issue a command and we observed that the minimum possible time period was 0.7 seconds. At the end the percentage of correctly selected commands is calculated and fed into an equation along with the time given to the subjects for each selection.Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Information Transfer Rate (Percentage of Correctly Completed Commands)
Computer randomly highlights one out of six or four commands and the subjects issue that particular command using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP). Subjects are given a time period (T). The time intervals for the TDS:(Group-A)2.0s,1.5s,1.0s,(Group-B &-C)1.0s,0.7s,0.5s,SnP:(Group-C)1.2s,1.0s,0.7s. The saturated results were observed from the second session during Group-A trials. Therefore, we reduced the time period from the Group-B trial. Moreover, the SnP device needs a certain time period to issue a command and we observed that the minimum possible time period was 0.7 seconds. At the end the percentage of correctly selected commands is calculated and fed into an equation along with the time given to the subjects for each selection.Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Completion Time)
Subjects were instructed to use four directional commands (Left, Right, Up, and Down) to move the mouse cursor using the tongue drive system (TDS), keypad, and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) as fast and accurately as possible on a maze. One out of eight maze patterns was randomly selected in each round. The performance measures were completion time (CT) from start to end and sum of deviation (SoD) from the track. SoD was calculated as the sum of all areas between the actual trajectory of the cursor when it was out of the track and the closest edge of the track divided by 1000.
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
On-screen Maze Using TDS, Keypad, and SnP (Sum of Deviation / 1000)
Subjects were instructed to use four directional commands (Left, Right, Up, and Down) to move the mouse cursor using the tongue drive system (TDS), keypad, and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) as fast and accurately as possible on a maze. One out of eight maze patterns was randomly selected in each round. The performance measures were completion time (CT) from start to end and sum of deviation (SoD) from the track. SoD was calculated as the sum of all areas between the actual trajectory of the cursor when it was out of the track and the closest edge of the track divided by 1000.
Group-A and -B were scheduled for five consecutive TDS trials with intervals ranging from two to ten days. Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Completion Time)
An obstacle course will be laid out in an open space and the subjects drive an electric powered wheelchair using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) to drive through the obstacle course. The operator measured the amount of time it takes for the subjects to begin and return back to the starting point and counts the number of collisions with the obstacles.
Unlatched and latched: utilize four TDS commands for forward, backward, left, and right motions.
Unlatched: hold their tongue to keep the PWC moving. Latched: (5 linear speed levels:Backward, Stop, Forward-1, Forward-2, and Forward-3) Issuing the forward or backward commands can increase or decrease the linear speed.
Semi-proportional: Quickly touching the left and right cheeks- forward or backward commands, sliding tongue over the lip- steer the PWC to the left or right.
Group-A&-B:5 consecutive TDS trials (intervals ranging from two to ten days) Group-C:computer and PWC within a week, over 6 weeks.
Driving a Wheelchair Using TDS vs SnP (Number of Navigation Errors)
An obstacle course will be laid out in an open space and the subjects drive an electric powered wheelchair using the tongue drive system (TDS) and the sip-and-puff device (SnP) to drive through the obstacle course. The operator measured the amount of time it takes for the subjects to begin and return back to the starting point and counts the number of collisions with the obstacles.
Unlatched and latched: utilize four TDS commands for forward, backward, left, and right motions.
Unlatched: hold their tongue to keep the PWC moving. Latched: (5 linear speed levels:Backward, Stop, Forward-1, Forward-2, and Forward-3) Issuing the forward or backward commands can increase or decrease the linear speed.
Semi-proportional: Quickly touching the left and right cheeks- forward or backward commands, sliding tongue over the lip- steer the PWC to the left or right.
Group-A&-B:5 consecutive TDS trials (intervals ranging from two to ten days) Group-C:computer and PWC within a week, over 6 weeks.
Phone Dialing Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time)
Randomly selected ten-digit target phone number was visually prompted on the top of the smartphone screen, and the subject entered the same number in the following line as quickly and as accurately as possible. If the wrong number was registered, then the subjects were allowed to delete the one by issuing the deleting command.At the end of the number entering, the subject needs to move the cursor at the green colored "CALL" button, in the middle of the bottom line, and it should be selected to complete the trial. The completion time and error rate were considered to evaluate the performance.
Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Weight Shifting Using the Tongue Drive System (TDS) for People With Spinal Cord Injuries (Completion Time)
The TDS commands were designated to change the wheelchair mode from driving to tilting and to control the wheelchair angle. The completion time was from the initial mode change to the end of the weight shifting.
Testing sessions for Group-C were divided into computer access and PWC navigation within a week, over 6 weeks.
Short Questionnaire at the End of Each Session Group-A&-B:5 Consecutive TDS Trials (Intervals Ranging From Two to Ten Days) Group-C:Computer and PWC Within a Week, Over 6 Weeks.
Q1.How much thought was necessary to decide where to put your tongue to issue a specific command?1:A lot,5:A Little Q2.Was the speed of the movement of the cursor on the computer screen:1:Too slow,3:Just right,5:Too fast Q3.How difficult was pointing accurately at specific targets on the computer screen?1:Very difficult,5:Very easy Q4.Accurately guiding the powered wheelchair through the obstacle course was:1:Very difficult,5:Very easy Q4.Accurately guiding the powered wheelchair through the obstacle course was:1: Very difficult,5:Very easy (TDS:Q4-1.Unlatched,Q4-2.Latched,Q4-3.Semi-pro,SnP:Q4-4.Latched) Q5.Was the speed of the wheelchair:1:Too slow,5:Too fast Q6.Was the movement of the wheelchair:1:Very jerky,5:Very smooth Q7.Was TDS effective in dialing phone numbers:1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective Q8.Was TDS effective in doing the weight shift:1:Completely ineffective,5:Very effective