Effects of Different Types of Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes (RAED2)
Primary Purpose
Type 2 Diabetes
Status
Completed
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Aerobic Training
Resistance Training
Sponsored by
About this trial
This is an interventional treatment trial for Type 2 Diabetes focused on measuring aerobic training, resistance training, type 2 diabetes, therapy
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- BMI between 24-36 kg/m2;
- HbA1c between 6.5-9.0%;
- diabetes diagnosis must have been made at least 1 yr previously;
- admitted diabetes treatments will be diet and oral hypoglycemic agents;
- baseline physical activity, estimated by the IPAQ questionnaire, lower than 1000 MET min per week;
- baseline body weight stable (changes lower than 2 kg in the last 2 months).
Exclusion Criteria:
- moderate-severe somatic or autonomic neuropathy;
- coronary heart disease;
- peripheral or cerebral vascular disease;
- preproliferative or proliferative retinopathy or chronic renal failure (serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dl in females; >1.5 mg/dl in males);
- therapy with beta-blocker drugs;
- smokers;
- acute clinically significant intercurrent diseases;
- inability to perform the scheduled physical activity programs.
Sites / Locations
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm Type
Experimental
Experimental
Arm Label
Aerobic Exercise
Resistance Exercise
Arm Description
The aerobic training group will use cardiovascular training devices.
The resistance training group will perform exercises on weight machines and free weights.
Outcomes
Primary Outcome Measures
Change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels
The measurement of HbA1c is carried out with a DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial)-aligned method.
Secondary Outcome Measures
Change in body weight
Change in body composition
Assessment by DEXA (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry)
Change in fasting plasma glucose levels
Change in total cholesterol levels
Change in HDL-cholesterol levels
Change in LDL-cholesterol levels
Change in triglycerides levels
Change in blood pressure
Change in insulin sensitivity
Measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp
Change in energy expenditure
Measured by indirect calorimetry
Change in antidiabetic medications
Class and dosage of blood-glucose lowering drugs are recorded before and at the end of the protocol.
Compliance
Attendance at the scheduled sessions is recorded for each patient.
Change in beta-cell function
Measured by OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
Change in energy expenditure through voluntary physical activity
Energy expenditure is estimated through metabolic Holter (Sense Wear Armband) and IPAQ (International physical activity questionnaire).
Change in peak oxygen uptake
Measured during an incremental exercise test
Change in tissue oxygen extraction
Measured by NIRS (Near-infrared spectroscopy) during an incremental test exercise
Change in liver and muscle fat content
Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Change in blood glucose during and after exercise
Measured by continuous glucose monitoring system
Muscle strength
Measured by 1RM (one-repetition maximum) test
Change in 6 minutes walk distance
This test measures the number of meters that can be walked in 6 minutes over a 30 m course. It is a simple field test to assess aerobic functional capacity.
Change in flexibility
Measured by "sit and reach" test and "back scratch" test
Changes in expression in the muscle of some genes involved in ATP production, mitochondrial biogenesis and substrate utilization
mRNA analysis with multiplex tandem real-time PCR of fine needle aspirates obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle
Full Information
1. Study Identification
Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT01182948
Brief Title
Effects of Different Types of Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes
Acronym
RAED2
Official Title
Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training Effects on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Study Type
Interventional
2. Study Status
Record Verification Date
August 2011
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
January 2009 (undefined)
Primary Completion Date
December 2010 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
undefined (undefined)
3. Sponsor/Collaborators
Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Universita di Verona
4. Oversight
Data Monitoring Committee
No
5. Study Description
Brief Summary
The purposes of this study are: a) to compare the effects of supervised programs of aerobic training or resistance training on the metabolic control of type 2 diabetes; b) to investigate some potential pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects; c) to assess whether some changes may persist over time after termination of the supervised programs.
Detailed Description
Meta-analyses of studies which evaluated the effects of interventions based upon structured exercise programs in patients with type 2 diabetes show that regular physical activity may improve glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.6-0.7%. Most studies assessed the effects of aerobic exercise. However, recent data suggest that resistance training may result in similar effects. It seems likely that these beneficial results are obtained through different molecular mechanisms by aerobic training and resistance training. Consequently, these exercise modalities could be synergistic in improving the metabolic abnormalities in these subjects. On the other hand, comparison data are very limited.
Aims of the protocol are to compare the effects of aerobic training or resistance training on the metabolic control of type 2 diabetes and to investigate some potential pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
The study will be carried out in 40 sedentary type 2 diabetic patients without diabetic complications, aged 40-70 yr, with body mass index (BMI) between 24-36 kg/m2 and HbA1c between 6.5-9.0%. Admitted diabetes treatments will be diet and oral hypoglycemic agents.
Subjects will be assigned, by a randomization schedule weighted by baseline BMI and fitness, to 2 groups of supervised exercise: aerobic training or resistance training. Training programs will have a similar volume and will be scheduled in three 60 min sessions per week for 4 months. During the study subjects will be instructed to follow an isocaloric diet. Before and at the end of the exercise training the following will be assessed: HbA1c (primary outcome), plasma glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity (glucose clamp), body composition (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA), liver and muscle fat content (magnetic resonance imaging), expression in the muscle of some genes involved in ATP production, mitochondrial biogenesis and substrate utilization, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and early vascular damage, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during a maximal exercise test, other exercise tests, tissue oxygen extraction during exercise (Near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS), energy expenditure and physical activity in daily life (metabolic Holter and questionnaire). Monitoring of blood glucose will also be carried out over a 48h period, comprising an exercise session (Continuous Glucose Monitoring System).
Metabolic features, exercise tests, body composition, daily physical activity and expression of relevant genes in the muscle will also be assessed 1 yr after completion of the training programs, to establish whether some changes may persist over time.
6. Conditions and Keywords
Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Type 2 Diabetes
Keywords
aerobic training, resistance training, type 2 diabetes, therapy
7. Study Design
Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
Outcomes Assessor
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
40 (Actual)
8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions
Arm Title
Aerobic Exercise
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
The aerobic training group will use cardiovascular training devices.
Arm Title
Resistance Exercise
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
The resistance training group will perform exercises on weight machines and free weights.
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
Aerobic Training
Intervention Description
The aerobic training group will exercise on cardiovascular training equipment. The workload will be gradually increased up to 60% of the reserve heart rate. Subjects will exercise 3 times per week for 60 min in the Fitness Centre of the Exercise and Sport Science School. Training will be carried out in small groups, under the supervision of personal trainers. During the study subjects will be instructed to follow an isocaloric diet.
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
Resistance Training
Intervention Description
The resistance training group will perform different exercises on weight machines and free weights to exercise upper and lower extremity muscles. Participants will perform 8-10 different exercises each session, alternating abdominal, upper and lower extremity exercises. Subjects will exercise 3 times per week for 60 min in the Fitness Centre of the Exercise and Sport Science School. Training will be carried out in small groups, under the supervision of personal trainers. During the study subjects will be instructed to follow an isocaloric diet.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels
Description
The measurement of HbA1c is carried out with a DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial)-aligned method.
Time Frame
4 months
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in body weight
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in body composition
Description
Assessment by DEXA (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry)
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in fasting plasma glucose levels
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in total cholesterol levels
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in HDL-cholesterol levels
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in LDL-cholesterol levels
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in triglycerides levels
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in blood pressure
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in insulin sensitivity
Description
Measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in energy expenditure
Description
Measured by indirect calorimetry
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in antidiabetic medications
Description
Class and dosage of blood-glucose lowering drugs are recorded before and at the end of the protocol.
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Compliance
Description
Attendance at the scheduled sessions is recorded for each patient.
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in beta-cell function
Description
Measured by OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in energy expenditure through voluntary physical activity
Description
Energy expenditure is estimated through metabolic Holter (Sense Wear Armband) and IPAQ (International physical activity questionnaire).
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in peak oxygen uptake
Description
Measured during an incremental exercise test
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in tissue oxygen extraction
Description
Measured by NIRS (Near-infrared spectroscopy) during an incremental test exercise
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in liver and muscle fat content
Description
Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in blood glucose during and after exercise
Description
Measured by continuous glucose monitoring system
Time Frame
48 hours
Title
Muscle strength
Description
Measured by 1RM (one-repetition maximum) test
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in 6 minutes walk distance
Description
This test measures the number of meters that can be walked in 6 minutes over a 30 m course. It is a simple field test to assess aerobic functional capacity.
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Change in flexibility
Description
Measured by "sit and reach" test and "back scratch" test
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Changes in expression in the muscle of some genes involved in ATP production, mitochondrial biogenesis and substrate utilization
Description
mRNA analysis with multiplex tandem real-time PCR of fine needle aspirates obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle
Time Frame
4 months
10. Eligibility
Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
40 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
70 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
BMI between 24-36 kg/m2;
HbA1c between 6.5-9.0%;
diabetes diagnosis must have been made at least 1 yr previously;
admitted diabetes treatments will be diet and oral hypoglycemic agents;
baseline physical activity, estimated by the IPAQ questionnaire, lower than 1000 MET min per week;
baseline body weight stable (changes lower than 2 kg in the last 2 months).
Exclusion Criteria:
moderate-severe somatic or autonomic neuropathy;
coronary heart disease;
peripheral or cerebral vascular disease;
preproliferative or proliferative retinopathy or chronic renal failure (serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dl in females; >1.5 mg/dl in males);
therapy with beta-blocker drugs;
smokers;
acute clinically significant intercurrent diseases;
inability to perform the scheduled physical activity programs.
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Paolo Moghetti, MD.,Ph.D.
Organizational Affiliation
Universita di Verona
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
12. IPD Sharing Statement
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
32080720
Citation
Dauriz M, Olioso D, Moghetti P. Response to Comment on Olioso D, et al. "Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Circulating Micro-RNA Expression Profile in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr 1;105(4):dgaa068. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa068. No abstract available.
Results Reference
derived
PubMed Identifier
30445461
Citation
Olioso D, Dauriz M, Bacchi E, Negri C, Santi L, Bonora E, Moghetti P. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Circulating Micro-RNA Expression Profile in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr 1;104(4):1119-1130. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01820.
Results Reference
derived
PubMed Identifier
29402509
Citation
Bellavere F, Cacciatori V, Bacchi E, Gemma ML, Raimondo D, Negri C, Thomaseth K, Muggeo M, Bonora E, Moghetti P. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise training on cardiovascular autonomic function of subjects with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 Mar;28(3):226-233. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.12.008. Epub 2018 Jan 2.
Results Reference
derived
PubMed Identifier
23227155
Citation
Bacchi E, Negri C, Trombetta M, Zanolin ME, Lanza M, Bonora E, Moghetti P. Differences in the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes: results from the RAED2 Randomized Trial. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e49937. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049937. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
Results Reference
derived
PubMed Identifier
22344613
Citation
Bacchi E, Negri C, Zanolin ME, Milanese C, Faccioli N, Trombetta M, Zoppini G, Cevese A, Bonadonna RC, Schena F, Bonora E, Lanza M, Moghetti P. Metabolic effects of aerobic training and resistance training in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (the RAED2 study). Diabetes Care. 2012 Apr;35(4):676-82. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1655. Epub 2012 Feb 16.
Results Reference
derived
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Effects of Different Types of Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes
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