Effects of Probiotics on Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation Markers in HIV-positive Patients on Combined Antiretroviral Therapy (PROBIO-HIV)

Effects of Probiotics on Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation Markers in HIV-positive Patients on Combined Antiretroviral Therapy

Effects of Probiotics on Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation Markers in HIV-positive Patients on Combined Antiretroviral Therapy and Non-virological Study of the Effects of Therapy

Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated patients have increased mortality and morbidity compared to age-matched seronegative individuals. This increased mortality and morbidity has been associated to immune activation that persists also in patients under cART even with undetectable levels of HIV-RNA in blood. Indeed, HIV-infected patients, irrespective of cART treatment, show higher levels of activated T cells, inflammatory monocytes and proinflammatory cytokines than seronegative individuals. Several putative causes of this residual inflammation have been proposed and include ongoing HIV replication at low levels, the presence of coinfections such as cytomegalovirus, and microbial translocation. None of these causes are mutually exclusive and understanding the degree to which of these three cause residual inflammation in cART-treated individuals will require novel therapeutic interventions aimed at alleviated each putative cause. In this longitudinal study we aim: to reduce microbial translocation induced inflammation in cART-treated individuals with supplementation of cART with the probiotics. to investigate the potential benefits of 24 weeks of probiotics supplementation on immune function and on immune activation status Indeed, the early stage of HIV infection is associated with dysbiosis of the GI tract microbiome with reducted levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species with increased levels of potentially pathogenic proteobacteria species.

probiotics (Streptococcus salivarius ssp. termophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus faecium)

Delta of Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4)+/Cluster of Differentiation 38 (CD38)-/Human Leukocyte Antigen-D related (HLA-DR+)

Inclusion Criteria: HIV positive patients HIV viral load < 50 copies/ml antiretroviral therapy from at least 2 years Exclusion Criteria: intestinal diseases opportunistic diseases pregnancy

d'Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Giustini N, Serafino S, Calantone N, De Girolamo G, Bianchi L, Bellelli V, Ascoli-Bartoli T, Marcellini S, Turriziani O, Brenchley JM, Vullo V. Probiotics Reduce Inflammation in Antiretroviral Treated, HIV-Infected Individuals: Results of the "Probio-HIV" Clinical Trial. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 16;10(9):e0137200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137200. eCollection 2015.