Microwave Ablation and Partial Splenic Embolization in the Management of Hypersplenism

Comparative Study of Microwave Ablation and Partial Splenic Embolization in the Management of Hypersplenism

The aim of this study is to compare microwave thermal coagulation and partial splenic embolization in the management of hypersplenism in patients with cirrhosis. This study will be conducted on 40 patients with liver cirrhosis associated with splenomegaly and hypersplenism. The study will be done at the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute.

Liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension is frequently associated with congestive splenomegaly resulting in hypersplenism. Hypersplenism can be defined as anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or a combination of these resulting from excessive, splenic sequestration or pooling of blood cells, usually associated with clinical splenomegaly and always ameliorated by splenectomy. Partial splenic embolization (PSE), which was first performed by Spigos et al in 1979, has been considered first-line therapy for hypersplenism in many institutions, and has been proposed as an effective alternative to splenectomy for improving peripheral blood cell counts. However, PSE is associated with many complications, including intermittent fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, post-embolization syndrome, splenic abscess, splenic rupture, pneumonia, refractory ascites, pleural effusion and gastrointestinal bleeding. To ensure a sustained and long-term increase in platelet and leucocytic counts, the splenic infarction rate needs to be greater than 50%. Thus, severe complications can ensue. Thermal ablation methods using different energy sources, such as radiofrequency (RF), microwave (MW), or laser, were developed rapidly as minimally invasive techniques for the eradication of local tumor tissue within solid organs. There have been reports of the use of radiofrequency to ablate normal spleen, splenic injury, and splenomegaly. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) had comparable efficacy and a better safety than PSE in the treatment of hypersplenism in patients with post hepatitis c cirrhosis. MW ablation performed either laparoscopically or percutaneously is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive technique for the management of hypersplenism in patients with liver cirrhosis. It may significantly increase platelet count and white blood cells (WBC) count and improve hepatic blood supply with fewer complications. Ablating more than 40% of the splenic parenchyma may yield better long term results. This method may provide a new and promising minimally invasive alternative for treating hypersplenism. The aim of this study is to compare microwave thermal coagulation and partial splenic embolization in the management of hypersplenism in patients with cirrhosis. This study will be conducted on 40 patients with liver cirrhosis associated with splenomegaly and hypersplenism. The study will be done at the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute. All patients will be subjected to thorough history taking, full clinical, lab, ultrasound/doppler, and upper endoscopic examination. Diagnosis has been based on peripheral blood count and confirmed with bone marrow examination. Preoperative antibiotics will be given and correction of bleeding tendency with plasma and platelet transfusion will be done as required to get a prothrombin concentration more than 65% and platelet count more than 100,000.

MW ablation performed either laparoscopically or percutaneously is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive technique for the management of hypersplenism in patients with liver cirrhosis. It may significantly increase platelet count and white blood cell (WBC) count and improve hepatic blood supply with fewer complications. Ablating more than 40% of the splenic parenchyma may yield better long term results. This method may provide a new and promising minimally invasive alternative for treating hypersplenism.

Partial splenic embolization (PSE), which was first performed by Spigos et al in 1979, has been considered first-line therapy for hypersplenism in many institutions, and has been proposed as an effective alternative to splenectomy for improving peripheral blood cell counts. However, PSE is associated with many complications, including intermittent fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, post-embolization syndrome, splenic abscess, splenic rupture, pneumonia, refractory ascites, pleural effusion and gastrointestinal bleeding. To ensure a sustained and long-term increase in platelet and leucocytic counts, the splenic infarction rate needs to be greater than 50% (8). Thus, severe complications can ensue.

Femoral artery approach will be used for splenic artery catheterization with the tip of the catheter always well advanced selectively into the splenic artery. Embolizing agent will be injected in small increments. Arteriography in between divided doses will be done to document the extent of devascularization.

Percentage of participants with improvement of hypersplenism after microwave thermal coagulation of the spleen compared with partial splenic embolization.

Inclusion Criteria: Liver Cirrhosis Hypersplenism Exclusion Criteria: Patients with bad performance scale. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy and tense ascites. Patient with active esophageal variceal bleeding . Patients with hypocellular bone marrow (BM). Patients with renal failure.

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