search
Back to results

The Effect of Exercise on Neurorecovery Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Primary Purpose

Brain Concussion

Status
Completed
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
United States
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Aerobic Exercise
Non-Aerobic Exercise
Sponsored by
University of Florida
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Brain Concussion focused on measuring Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Aerobic Exercise, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 40 Years (Adult)All SexesAccepts Healthy Volunteers

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) group:

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Meet criteria for mTBI as set forth by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
  • mTBI was sustained 14-25 days before beginning the exercise intervention

Exclusion Criteria:

  • comorbid orthopaedic injury that inhibits movement
  • history of serious psychiatric disturbance with hospitalization,
  • prior history of neurologic disease,
  • current or past history of substance abuse disorder,
  • diabetes
  • previous history of moderate or severe head injury,
  • neurological disorder unrelated to TBI (e.g., seizure disorder)
  • physician recommendations against exercise
  • non-English speakers

Non-injured Group:

Inclusion Criteria:

- Gainesville, Florida community member

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of mTBI or other brain injury in the past year
  • comorbid orthopaedic injury that inhibits movement
  • history of serious psychiatric disturbance with hospitalization,
  • prior history of neurologic disease,
  • current or past history of substance abuse disorder,
  • diabetes
  • previous history of moderate or severe head injury,
  • neurological disorder unrelated to TBI (e.g., seizure disorder)
  • physician recommendations against exercise
  • non-English speakers

Sites / Locations

  • University of Florida Health Science Center

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm 3

Arm Type

Experimental

Experimental

No Intervention

Arm Label

mTBI Aerobic Exercise Group

mTBI Non-Aerobic Exercise Group

Non-injured Reference Group

Arm Description

Participants are two-three weeks post-mild traumatic brain injury are randomized to receive a daily aerobic exercise intervention lasting 1-week.

Participants are two-three weeks post-mild traumatic brain injury are randomized to receive a daily non-aerobic exercise intervention lasting 1-week.

Non-injured, healthy participants will serve as a reference group for functional outcome measures.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Change in Symptom Score on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Obtained from the 22-item symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom score represents how many symptoms the participant endorses experiencing at a level greater than 0 (maximum 22 points).
Change in Symptom Severity on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom severity represents the total summed severity ratings for all symptoms (maximum 132 points).
Change in sleep quality
Obtained from the Medical Outcomes Sleep Scale (MOS). This measure has 12 items and asks the participant to rate different aspects of their sleep experiences and sleep quality. The first two questions inquire about sleep times and the remaining questions utilize a likert scale ranging from 1 (all of the time) to 6 (none of the time). Some items are reverse scored and the scale yields several subscale measures, so scoring rules depend on the specific subscale.
Change in postural stability
The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) will be used to measure postural stability, which is sensitive to deficits in balance following mild head injury. A modified version of (SCAT3) will be used. It includes three different stances, double leg, single leg, and tandem stance. A point is added for committing an error during the test interval and if the participant is unable to maintain his or her balance for more than 5 seconds, the trial is discontinued and maximum points are awarded. The total score ranges from 0 (better postural stability) to 30 (worse postural stability).
Change in verbal learning and memory
Measured by the California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd Edition (CVLT-II). This test measures word recall and assesses the following skills: immediate recall, short delay free recall, short delay cued recall, long delay free recall, long delay cued recall, and long delay recognition.
Change in auditory-linguistic memory
Measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition (WMS-III), Logical Memory subtests. Two stories are read to participants and then they are asked to freely recall items after a short and a long delay. A recognition trial is administered following the long delay.
Change in word-fluency
Measured by the Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA). Participants are asked to say as many words beginning with a specified letter as they can in a one minute time period. Three trials with different letters are administered.
Change in semantic fluency
Measured by the Verbal Fluency Test - Categories. Participants are asked to say as many items belonging to a specified semantic category as they can in a one minute time period.
Change in psychomotor/executive functioning
Measured by the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS), Trail Making Test. The test consists of five different conditions where participants are asked to draw trails according to specified rules.
Change in problem solving and abstract reasoning
Measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Initially, a number of stimulus cards are presented to the participant. The participant is told to match the cards, but not how to match; however, he or she is told whether a particular match is right or wrong. A total of 128 cards are played.
Change in attention
Measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III), Digit Span subtest. Participants are asked to repeat digit strings that are verbally administered exactly as they hear them (digits forward) or to repeat them backwards (digits backward).
Change in processing speed
Measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III), Digit Symbol-Coding subtest. Participants are given three minutes to draw symbols as quickly and as accurately as possible according to a key code.
Change in visual memory
Measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition (WMS-III), Visual Reproduction subtest. Participants are asked to draw abstract figures from memory at different time intervals. The subtest assesses the following visual memory skills: immediate free recall, long delayed free recall and a long delayed recognition.
Change in sustained and selective attention
Measured by the Ruff 2 & 7 Selective Attention Test. The test consists of a series of 20 trials of a visual search and cancellation task. The participant detects and marks through all occurrences of the two target digits: "2" and "7." In the 10 Automatic Detection trials, the target digits are embedded among alphabetical letters that serve as distractors. In the 10 Controlled Search trials, the target digits are embedded among other numbers that serve as distractors. Correct hits and errors are counted for each trial and serve as the basis for scoring the test.
Change in working memory and attention
Measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Participants are read a series of numbers at specified time intervals. The participants are instructed to add the number to the preceding number and continue adding them together until the end of the trial. Four trials with 50 items each are administered with a 30 second break in between.
Change in depression symptoms
Measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition (BDI-II), which is a self-report questionnaire with 21 multiple choice items. The total score ranges from 0 to 63 with higher numbers indicating greater severity of depression symptoms.
Change in anxiety symptoms
Measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which is a self-report questionnaire with 40 questions on a 4-point likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety - state and trait scores. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Change in functional neuroimaging activation
Functional resting state sequences will be performed on the Phillips 3 tesla magnetic resonance (MR) research scanner.
Change in Symptom Score on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Obtained from the 22-item symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom score represents how many symptoms the participant endorses experiencing at a level greater than 0 (maximum 22 points).
Change in Symptom Severity on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom severity represents the total summed severity ratings for all symptoms (maximum 132 points).
Change in sleep quality
Obtained from the Medical Outcomes Sleep Scale (MOS). This measure has 12 items and asks the participant to rate different aspects of their sleep experiences and sleep quality. The first two questions inquire about sleep times and the remaining questions utilize a likert scale ranging from 1 (all of the time) to 6 (none of the time).
Change in postural stability
The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) will be used to measure postural stability, which is sensitive to deficits in balance following mild head injury. A modified version of (SCAT3) will be used. It includes three different stances, double leg, single leg, and tandem stance. A point is added for committing an error during the test interval and if the participant is unable to maintain his or her balance for more than 5 seconds, the trial is discontinued and maximum points are awarded. The total score ranges from 0 (better postural stability) to 30 (worse postural stability).
Change in depression symptoms
Measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition (BDI-II), which is a self-report questionnaire with 21 multiple choice items. The total score ranges from 0 to 63 with higher numbers indicating greater severity of depression symptoms.
Change in anxiety symptoms
Measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which is a self-report questionnaire with 40 questions on a 4-point likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety - state and trait scores. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety.

Full Information

First Posted
October 23, 2014
Last Updated
November 30, 2018
Sponsor
University of Florida
Collaborators
Clinical & Translational Science Institute, American Psychological Foundation, American Psychological Association (APA)
search

1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT02276079
Brief Title
The Effect of Exercise on Neurorecovery Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Official Title
The Effect of Exercise on Neurorecovery Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
November 2018
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
February 17, 2015 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
December 22, 2016 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
December 22, 2016 (Actual)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
University of Florida
Collaborators
Clinical & Translational Science Institute, American Psychological Foundation, American Psychological Association (APA)

4. Oversight

Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
The study is a "proof-of-principle" project to examine the safety and feasibility of implementing a 1-week aerobic exercise program in the post-acute phase after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The study will define the extent to which the exercise program improves recovery from mTBI in terms of relevant functional outcomes (cognition, mood, and physical status) and biomarkers (peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] concentration).
Detailed Description
This is a "proof-of-principle" project for human subjects to examine the safety and feasibility of implementing a 1-week aerobic exercise program in the post-acute phase after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This study will define the extent to which the exercise program improves recovery from mTBI in terms of relevant functional outcomes (cognition, mood, and physical status) and biomarkers (peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] concentration). This project will also lay the foundation for understanding the relationship between exercise and BDNF in the area of mTBI neurorecovery, thereby allowing future studies to develop best-practice methods for implementing exercise interventions as a treatment option for brain injuries.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Brain Concussion
Keywords
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Aerobic Exercise, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
Participant
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
39 (Actual)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
mTBI Aerobic Exercise Group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Participants are two-three weeks post-mild traumatic brain injury are randomized to receive a daily aerobic exercise intervention lasting 1-week.
Arm Title
mTBI Non-Aerobic Exercise Group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Participants are two-three weeks post-mild traumatic brain injury are randomized to receive a daily non-aerobic exercise intervention lasting 1-week.
Arm Title
Non-injured Reference Group
Arm Type
No Intervention
Arm Description
Non-injured, healthy participants will serve as a reference group for functional outcome measures.
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
Aerobic Exercise
Intervention Description
Aerobic exercise will consist of riding a stationary bicycle at moderate intensity for 2 consecutive, 20-minute periods with a 5-minute break in between. Moderate intensity is defined as maintaining 65-75% of estimated maximum heart rate based on the calculation (HRmax = 208 - 0.7 × age).
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
Non-Aerobic Exercise
Intervention Description
Non-Aerobic exercise will consist of very low-intensity movements including static stretching and toning exercises.Participants will complete 2 consecutive, 20-minute periods with a 5-minute break in between, mirroring the aerobic exercise condition. Heart rate will be monitored by research staff to ensure that it remains below 50% of estimated maximum heart rate.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in Symptom Score on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Description
Obtained from the 22-item symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom score represents how many symptoms the participant endorses experiencing at a level greater than 0 (maximum 22 points).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in Symptom Severity on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Description
Symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom severity represents the total summed severity ratings for all symptoms (maximum 132 points).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in sleep quality
Description
Obtained from the Medical Outcomes Sleep Scale (MOS). This measure has 12 items and asks the participant to rate different aspects of their sleep experiences and sleep quality. The first two questions inquire about sleep times and the remaining questions utilize a likert scale ranging from 1 (all of the time) to 6 (none of the time). Some items are reverse scored and the scale yields several subscale measures, so scoring rules depend on the specific subscale.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in postural stability
Description
The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) will be used to measure postural stability, which is sensitive to deficits in balance following mild head injury. A modified version of (SCAT3) will be used. It includes three different stances, double leg, single leg, and tandem stance. A point is added for committing an error during the test interval and if the participant is unable to maintain his or her balance for more than 5 seconds, the trial is discontinued and maximum points are awarded. The total score ranges from 0 (better postural stability) to 30 (worse postural stability).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in verbal learning and memory
Description
Measured by the California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd Edition (CVLT-II). This test measures word recall and assesses the following skills: immediate recall, short delay free recall, short delay cued recall, long delay free recall, long delay cued recall, and long delay recognition.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in auditory-linguistic memory
Description
Measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition (WMS-III), Logical Memory subtests. Two stories are read to participants and then they are asked to freely recall items after a short and a long delay. A recognition trial is administered following the long delay.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in word-fluency
Description
Measured by the Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA). Participants are asked to say as many words beginning with a specified letter as they can in a one minute time period. Three trials with different letters are administered.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in semantic fluency
Description
Measured by the Verbal Fluency Test - Categories. Participants are asked to say as many items belonging to a specified semantic category as they can in a one minute time period.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in psychomotor/executive functioning
Description
Measured by the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS), Trail Making Test. The test consists of five different conditions where participants are asked to draw trails according to specified rules.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in problem solving and abstract reasoning
Description
Measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Initially, a number of stimulus cards are presented to the participant. The participant is told to match the cards, but not how to match; however, he or she is told whether a particular match is right or wrong. A total of 128 cards are played.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in attention
Description
Measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III), Digit Span subtest. Participants are asked to repeat digit strings that are verbally administered exactly as they hear them (digits forward) or to repeat them backwards (digits backward).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in processing speed
Description
Measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III), Digit Symbol-Coding subtest. Participants are given three minutes to draw symbols as quickly and as accurately as possible according to a key code.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in visual memory
Description
Measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition (WMS-III), Visual Reproduction subtest. Participants are asked to draw abstract figures from memory at different time intervals. The subtest assesses the following visual memory skills: immediate free recall, long delayed free recall and a long delayed recognition.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in sustained and selective attention
Description
Measured by the Ruff 2 & 7 Selective Attention Test. The test consists of a series of 20 trials of a visual search and cancellation task. The participant detects and marks through all occurrences of the two target digits: "2" and "7." In the 10 Automatic Detection trials, the target digits are embedded among alphabetical letters that serve as distractors. In the 10 Controlled Search trials, the target digits are embedded among other numbers that serve as distractors. Correct hits and errors are counted for each trial and serve as the basis for scoring the test.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in working memory and attention
Description
Measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Participants are read a series of numbers at specified time intervals. The participants are instructed to add the number to the preceding number and continue adding them together until the end of the trial. Four trials with 50 items each are administered with a 30 second break in between.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in depression symptoms
Description
Measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition (BDI-II), which is a self-report questionnaire with 21 multiple choice items. The total score ranges from 0 to 63 with higher numbers indicating greater severity of depression symptoms.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in anxiety symptoms
Description
Measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which is a self-report questionnaire with 40 questions on a 4-point likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety - state and trait scores. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change in functional neuroimaging activation
Description
Functional resting state sequences will be performed on the Phillips 3 tesla magnetic resonance (MR) research scanner.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in Symptom Score on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Description
Obtained from the 22-item symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom score represents how many symptoms the participant endorses experiencing at a level greater than 0 (maximum 22 points).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 70
Title
Change in Symptom Severity on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)
Description
Symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom severity represents the total summed severity ratings for all symptoms (maximum 132 points).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 70
Title
Change in sleep quality
Description
Obtained from the Medical Outcomes Sleep Scale (MOS). This measure has 12 items and asks the participant to rate different aspects of their sleep experiences and sleep quality. The first two questions inquire about sleep times and the remaining questions utilize a likert scale ranging from 1 (all of the time) to 6 (none of the time).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 70
Title
Change in postural stability
Description
The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) will be used to measure postural stability, which is sensitive to deficits in balance following mild head injury. A modified version of (SCAT3) will be used. It includes three different stances, double leg, single leg, and tandem stance. A point is added for committing an error during the test interval and if the participant is unable to maintain his or her balance for more than 5 seconds, the trial is discontinued and maximum points are awarded. The total score ranges from 0 (better postural stability) to 30 (worse postural stability).
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 70
Title
Change in depression symptoms
Description
Measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition (BDI-II), which is a self-report questionnaire with 21 multiple choice items. The total score ranges from 0 to 63 with higher numbers indicating greater severity of depression symptoms.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 70
Title
Change in anxiety symptoms
Description
Measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which is a self-report questionnaire with 40 questions on a 4-point likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety - state and trait scores. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 70
Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures:
Title
Change in aerobic fitness
Description
Measured by the 3-Minute Step Test, which provides an estimate of aerobic fitness. Participants step up and down continuously on a 12-inch step for 3 minutes and the time it takes for their heart rate to return to baseline is recorded.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Change in body weight
Description
Body weight measured in kilograms.
Time Frame
Baseline and up to day 8
Title
Minutes of physical activity outside of exercise program
Description
Average number of minutes the participant spent engaging in physical activity outside of the exercise sessions during the one-week exercise program. This will be measured by a digital fitness monitor that will be worn 24 hours per day during the 7 day exercise program.
Time Frame
Day 7 of exercise program

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
40 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) group: Inclusion Criteria: Meet criteria for mTBI as set forth by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine mTBI was sustained 14-25 days before beginning the exercise intervention Exclusion Criteria: comorbid orthopaedic injury that inhibits movement history of serious psychiatric disturbance with hospitalization, prior history of neurologic disease, current or past history of substance abuse disorder, diabetes previous history of moderate or severe head injury, neurological disorder unrelated to TBI (e.g., seizure disorder) physician recommendations against exercise non-English speakers Non-injured Group: Inclusion Criteria: - Gainesville, Florida community member Exclusion Criteria: History of mTBI or other brain injury in the past year comorbid orthopaedic injury that inhibits movement history of serious psychiatric disturbance with hospitalization, prior history of neurologic disease, current or past history of substance abuse disorder, diabetes previous history of moderate or severe head injury, neurological disorder unrelated to TBI (e.g., seizure disorder) physician recommendations against exercise non-English speakers
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D.
Organizational Affiliation
University of Florida
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Aliyah R. Snyder, M.S.
Organizational Affiliation
University of Florida
Official's Role
Study Director
Facility Information:
Facility Name
University of Florida Health Science Center
City
Gainesville
State/Province
Florida
ZIP/Postal Code
32610
Country
United States

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Citations:
PubMed Identifier
15083870
Citation
Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, Borg J, von Holst H, Holm L, Kraus J, Coronado VG; WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med. 2004 Feb;(43 Suppl):28-60. doi: 10.1080/16501960410023732.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
21074080
Citation
Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza CC. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury. Clin Sports Med. 2011 Jan;30(1):33-48, vii-iii. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.001.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
23025820
Citation
Prins ML, Alexander D, Giza CC, Hovda DA. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury: mechanisms of cerebral vulnerability. J Neurotrauma. 2013 Jan 1;30(1):30-8. doi: 10.1089/neu.2012.2399.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
17610355
Citation
Griesbach GS, Gomez-Pinilla F, Hovda DA. Time window for voluntary exercise-induced increases in hippocampal neuroplasticity molecules after traumatic brain injury is severity dependent. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Jul;24(7):1161-71. doi: 10.1089/neu.2006.0255.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
18078527
Citation
Bigler ED. Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008 Jan;14(1):1-22. doi: 10.1017/S135561770808017X.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
19555673
Citation
Griesbach GS, Hovda DA, Gomez-Pinilla F. Exercise-induced improvement in cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury in rats is dependent on BDNF activation. Brain Res. 2009 Sep 8;1288:105-15. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.045. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
22749404
Citation
Coelho FG, Gobbi S, Andreatto CA, Corazza DI, Pedroso RV, Santos-Galduroz RF. Physical exercise modulates peripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): a systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013 Jan-Feb;56(1):10-5. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.003. Epub 2012 Jun 29.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
11153730
Citation
Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jan;37(1):153-6. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
12392873
Citation
Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO. The DOSE study: a clinical trial to examine efficacy and dose response of exercise as treatment for depression. Control Clin Trials. 2002 Oct;23(5):584-603. doi: 10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00226-x.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
21318011
Citation
Efird J. Blocked randomization with randomly selected block sizes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Jan;8(1):15-20. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8010015. Epub 2010 Dec 23.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
18929686
Citation
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010. Epub 2008 Sep 30.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
16558603
Citation
Riemann BL, Guskiewicz KM. Effects of mild head injury on postural stability as measured through clinical balance testing. J Athl Train. 2000 Jan;35(1):19-25.
Results Reference
background

Learn more about this trial

The Effect of Exercise on Neurorecovery Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

We'll reach out to this number within 24 hrs