Effect of vitaminD3 or 25(OH)D3 Fortified Dairy on Vitmain D Status and CVD Risk Markers

Fortification of Milk and Butter With Either vitaminD3 or 25(OH)D3: The Effect on Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in Humans

This study aims to compare the acute effect of consuming milk and butter fortified with either vitamin D3 or 25 (OH) D3 on serum/plasma vitamin D status in humans. In addition, the effect of vitamin D3 or 25 (OH) D3 in milk and butter on certain CVD risk markers and cognitive function will be examined.

There is mounting evidence to show that vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of many common and serious diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 1 diabetes (Holick and Chen, 2008). Hypovitaminosis D is now prevalent in the UK general population. Due to diet and lifestyle changes and the use of sun block products most people do not endogenously synthesise sufficient vitamin D from sunlight exposure (Hyppönen and Power, 2007). Therefore, vitamin D intakes from dietary sources have become very important, however this is limited as there are only a few foods naturally rich in vitamin D. Some countries (e.g. USA, Canada) fortify milk with vitamin D which results in milk being the major contributor to vitamin D intake. Vitamin D3 is the most common form used for the fortification of currently fortified foods. However, there is now some evidence that 25(OH)D3 can increase vitamin D status of humans more effectively than vitamin D3 (Bischoff-Ferrari et al, 2012; Cashman et al, 2012). To our knowledge, very few human intervention studies have compared the efficacy of 25(OH)D3 versus vitamin D3 to increase vitamin D status, and there has been no acute human study to examine the effect of the both forms of vitamin D fortified dairy products on vitamin D status in humans.

change from baseline in plasma lipids (primarily triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B-48, apolipoprotien B-100, total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids)

non-esterified fatty acids, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B-48, apolipoprotein B-100 are taken at 0(baseline), 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 min and 24 hour; triacylglycerol is taken at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 min and 24 hour; total and HDL-cholesterol only be measured at 0 (baseline)

change from baseline in inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin 6) of the blood

Trail Making Test (TMT) will be used for cognitive test, which can provides information on visual search, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive function. The TMT consists of two parts: TMT-A requires a participant to draw lines sequentially connecting 25 encircled numbers distributed on a computer screen, whilst in the TMT-B the participant must alternate between numbers and letters (e.g., 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, etc.). TMT-A and TMT-B will be administered using a laptop computer. Results from this two tasks reported as the number of seconds required to complete the task (completion time). The longer time spent reveal greater cognitive impairment."

Inclusion Criteria: BMI: 20-35 kg/m2 Glucose <7 mmol/l (not diagnosed with diabetes) Total cholesterol <7 mmol/l TAG <4 mmol/l Serum 25(OH)D3 ≤50 nmol/L Normal liver and kidney function Haemoglobin: adult male >125 g/L Exclusion Criteria: Milk allergy/intolerance or lactose intolerance Cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, respiratory, endocrine disease or cancer Use of nutritional supplements, particularly those containing vitamin D Outdoor workers and use of tanning beds Overseas holidays two months before or during study period

Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading

Guo J, Jackson KG, Che Taha CSB, Li Y, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. A 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-Fortified Dairy Drink Is More Effective at Raising a Marker of Postprandial Vitamin D Status than Cholecalciferol in Men with Suboptimal Vitamin D Status. J Nutr. 2017 Nov;147(11):2076-2082. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.254789. Epub 2017 Sep 20.