Yoga, Survivorship Health Education, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Reducing Insomnia in Cancer Survivors (YOCAS-II)

Yoga, Survivorship Health Education, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Reducing Insomnia in Cancer Survivors

A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Effectiveness of Yoga, Survivorship Health Education, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treating Insomnia in Cancer Survivors

This randomized phase III trial compares yoga, survivorship health education program, and cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing sleep disturbance (insomnia) in cancer survivors. Insomnia can be described as excessive daytime napping, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or waking up earlier than desired. Insomnia can increase fatigue, impair physical function, impair immune function, cause circadian rhythms (known as the biological clock) to be disrupted and decrease quality of life. Yoga may improve circadian rhythms, physical and immune function, and improve insomnia and sleep quality in cancer survivors. It is not yet known whether yoga is more effective at treating insomnia than a health education program or cognitive behavioral therapy program.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To determine if Yoga for Cancer Survivors (YOCAS) is effective for improving patient-reported insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index) compared to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and a health education control immediately post intervention. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To examine if YOCAS is effective for improving objective symptoms of insomnia (sleep latency, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, sleep duration, and daytime napping via actigraphy) and global sleep quality impairment (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) compared to CBT-I and a health education control. II. To examine if YOCAS and CBT-I are effective for maintaining improvements in insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index) 3 and 6 months post intervention compared to a health education control. OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 3 arms. ARM I: Patients undergo the YOCAS intervention comprising 18 specific physical postures and mindfulness exercises focused on breathing and meditation and meet with the yoga instructor over 75 minutes 2 times a week for 4 weeks. ARM II: Patients undergo CBT-I intervention comprising sleep education, sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relapse prevention delivered by a health professional over 90 minutes once a week for 8 weeks. ARM III: Patients attend survivorship health education sessions over 75 minutes 2 times a week for 4 weeks based on the American Society of Clinical Oncology cancer survivorship educational recommendations delivered by a community health educator. Patients also receive a booklet entitled, "Cancer Survivorship Next Steps for Patients and Their Families." After completion of intervention, patients are followed up at 3 and 6 months.

Patients undergo the YOCAS intervention comprising 18 specific physical postures and mindfulness exercises focused on breathing and meditation and meet with the yoga instructor over 75 minutes 2 times a week for 4 weeks.

Patients undergo CBT-I intervention comprising sleep education, sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive therapy, and relapse prevention delivered by a health professional over 90 minutes once a week for 8 weeks.

Patients attend survivorship health education sessions over 75 minutes 2 times a week for 4 weeks based on the American Society of Clinical Oncology cancer survivorship educational recommendations delivered by a community health educator. Patients also receive a booklet entitled, "Cancer Survivorship Next Steps for Patients and Their Families."

Behavior Conditioning Therapy, Behavior Modification, Behavior or Life Style Modifications, Behavior Therapy, Behavioral Interventions, Behavioral Modification, BEHAVIORAL THERAPY, Behavioral Treatment, Behavioral Treatments

Education for Intervention, Intervention by Education, Intervention through Education, Intervention, Educational

The Insomnia Severity Index is a validated measure of insomnia. A 5-point Likert scale of 7 questions is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating higher severity of insomnia. Means and 95% confidence intervals for YOCAS and CBT-I will be calculated and plotted and examined in comparison with the a priori specified non-inferiority margin of 1.15.

The Insomnia Severity Index is a validated measure of insomnia. A 5-point Likert scale of 7 questions is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating higher severity of insomnia. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education.

Mean Change in Global Sleep Quality Impairment as Measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) Total Score Comparing YOCAS vs. Health Education

The PSQI measures sleep quality with a total score ranging from 0-21 with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education.

Mean Change in Global Sleep Quality Impairment as Measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) Total Score Comparing YOCAS vs. CBT-I.

The PSQI measures sleep quality with a total score ranging from 0-21 with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Sleep Duration Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. Health Education

Actigraphy will measure the number of minutes of actual sleep. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Sleep Duration Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. CBT-I

Actigraphy will measure the number of minutes of actual sleep. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Wake After Sleep Onset Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. Health Education

Actigraphy will measure total minutes of wake time after sleep onset. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education. The transformation of the log base 10 of the original measurement was used for the analysis.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Wake After Sleep Onset Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. CBT-I

Actigraphy will measure total minutes of wake time after sleep onset. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I. The transformation of log base 10 of the original measurement was used for the analysis.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Sleep Efficiency Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. Health Education

Actigraphy will measure the percent of time actually slept compared to intended time sleeping. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Sleep Efficiency Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. CBT-I

Actigraphy will measure the percent of time actually slept compared to intended time sleeping. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Sleep Latency Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. Health Education

Actigraphy will measure the minutes it takes for the participant to fall asleep. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education. The transformation of log base 10 of the (measurement + 1) was used in the analysis.

Mean Change in Objective Symptoms of Insomnia- Sleep Latency Via Actigraphy Comparing YOCAS vs. CBT-I

Actigraphy will measure the minutes it takes for the participant to fall asleep. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I. The transformation of the log base 10 of the (measure + 1) was used in the analysis.

The Insomnia Severity Index is a validated measure of insomnia. A 5-point Likert scale of 7 questions is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating higher severity of insomnia. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education.

The Insomnia Severity Index is a validated measure of insomnia. A 5-point Likert scale of 7 questions is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating higher severity of insomnia. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I.

The Insomnia Severity Index is a validated measure of insomnia. A 5-point Likert scale of 7 questions is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating higher severity of insomnia. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and health education.

The Insomnia Severity Index is a validated measure of insomnia. A 5-point Likert scale of 7 questions is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating higher severity of insomnia. A linear mixed effects ANCOVA will be used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in mean change between YOCAS and CBT-I.

Inclusion Criteria: Have a confirmed diagnosis of cancer Have received surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy Have completed all surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within the last 2-60 months Meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-V criteria for insomnia and score >= 10 on the Insomnia Severity Index Be able to read and understand English Be able to provide written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Have contraindications to functional testing or yoga participation according to the treating physician Have practiced yoga >= 1 day a week within the 3 months prior to enrolling in the study Be planning to start yoga on their own during the time they are enrolled in the study Have a confirmed diagnosis of sleep apnea or restless leg syndrome Be receiving any form of treatment for cancer with the exception of hormonal or biologic therapy Have distant metastases