Multisensory Stimulation and Enriched Environments During Post-traumatic Amnesia

The Effects of Multisensory Stimulation and Enriched Environments During Post-traumatic Amnesia Following a Traumatic Brain Injury

The objective of this Phase II trial is to evaluate the feasibility of this study protocol to progress to a large-scale Phase III RCT in the future. It will also determine, with limited efficacy, the effectiveness of the multisensory stimulation intervention protocol to reduce the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), improve cognition, increase independence in activities of daily living and long term quality of life of the affected person. Participants will be randomised into either the experimental or control group. The experimental group will follow the multisensory stimulation intervention protocol, while the control group will follow the current hospital protocol.

Design: A phase II randomised controlled trial. Repeated measures of behaviour and sensory motor performance will be taken during PTA progression for all participants. The RCT involves two treatment arms and blinded assessment post-intervention at the point of PTA resolution, one month following PTA resolution, and a 6-month post-injury follow up questionnaire. The 2 treatment groups are: Experimental intervention protocol: occupation-based multisensory stimulation and the use of enriched environments; Control intervention protocol: standard therapy as provided by the hospital which includes re-orientation and participation in basic functional tasks. Participants: Approximately twenty participants will be recruited from the Institut Guttmann, which is a neuro-rehabilitation hospital in Badalona, Spain. Measures: The evaluation tools will consist of standardised, established assessments used in brain injury rehabilitation which are detailed in the Outcome Measures section. Procedure: Repeated measurements of behaviour and sensory motor function corresponding to the participant's progression of PTA assessment scores will be taken. The maximum number of times a single participant will be tested during PTA is 7 times and twice again following emergence from PTA, within the first 3 days and again after 1 week. All measurements are non-invasive and provide minimal adverse risks for the participant. Participants will be randomised into either the Experimental or Control group. Participants, their family members, and the assessor taking outcome measures at the point of PTA resolution and one-month post-resolution will be blinded to group allocation and subsequent intervention protocol. Intervention provision will occur throughout the progression of PTA with post-intervention assessment to occur within 3 days of the end of PTA, one month after coming out of PTA, and through a follow-up questionnaire to be completed by the participant and family members at 6 months post-injury. All interventions are non-invasive and do not involve any risks above those that may be incurred through participation in the standard rehabilitation process. The Experimental group will follow an intervention protocol involving transformation of the participant´s room into a sensory stimulating enriched environment (EE) and participation in occupation-based multisensory stimulation (OBMS) during their therapy sessions with an occupational therapist. They will receive two daily 30-minute individual therapy sessions. The control group will follow the current protocol for patients in PTA at the Institut Guttmann. This includes one 30-minute individual therapy session or one hour group therapy session with an occupational therapist and minimal changes to their room (e.g. orientation board, photos of family and friends).

Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Confusional State, Sensory Motor System Disorder, Alteration of Cognitive Function

Participation in occupation-based multisensory stimulation (e.g. personal care with aromatic soaps, varying water temperatures and textured sponges, drink preparation of different flavoured beverages) with a variety of different sensory stimuli (e.g. strong smells, different shapes and weights). The participant will receive two individual 30-minute therapy sessions with an Occupational Therapist. An enriched environment will be set up in the participant´s bedroom. It will include items that provide a range of meaningful sensory stimuli (e.g. familiar personal objects, projection of photos and known places, familiar music). The participant is encouraged to follow a timetable including regular rest breaks through out the day in their room.

Retraining of basic activities of daily living or participation in table top tasks and games in an individual 30 minute session or a one hour small group session with an Occupational Therapist. Minimal changes are made to the participant´s room (e.g. orientation board, photos of family and friends).

The number of participants who consent to participate compared to the number who withdraw. Further understanding of this area of feasibility will be generated by family reports of satisfaction with participation in the study and reflection of the observations recorded in the project coordinator´s daily log book.

The percentage of eligible patients who give consent to participate in the study and the percentage that dropout after starting the study. To provide further insight of this feasibility area, analysis of demographic information of those who consent, decline or dropout will be done.

Brief cost analysis to identify and measure the resources required to implement the study. A record will be taken in the project coordinator´s log book of factors observed to affect efficiency, speed, quality of implementation, or any adverse events that may occur.

To measure this area of feasibility, the adherence to respective protocols for each participant will be taken including the number of days and amount of time participants attend therapy sessions. Moreover, assessment of the appropriateness of the secondary outcome measures and feasibility of the assessment protocol will be conducted.

Measured using the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (COGNISTAT) which is a cognitive screening assessment.

Measured using the Westmead PTA Scale (WPTAS). PTA duration is taken to be the number of days from the date of the initial injury until the participant achieves 12/12 on the Westmead PTA Scale.

Measured using the Developmental Test of Visual Perception - Adolescence and Adult version to measure visual perception and visual motor integration performance.

Inclusion Criteria: diagnosis of TBI within 6 months of their initial brain injury in PTA (Levels of Cognitive Function 4-6) appropriate visual and auditory function to observe the environment and hear instructions with or without assistive aids independent use of one upper limb Exclusion Criteria: a previous brain injury illness, diseases or alcohol or drug addiction that could affect cognitive function having a learning disability prior to injury participant is out of PTA visual, auditory, aphasic or motor disturbance that may interfere with the ability to complete the task or participate in the sessions