Music Therapy and Treatment as Usual (RCT-KTF)

Music Therapy Versus Treatment as Usual: A Randomized Non-inferiority Study With Traumatized Refugees Diagnosed With PTSD

This study compares music therapy with verbal psychotherapy (treatment as usual) in an outpatient psychiatric clinic for traumatized refugees. Based on positive results from a pilot study, the randomized clinical trial has a non-inferiority design to detect whether music therapy is not less effective than verbal therapy carried out by psychologists and can serve as a complementary treatment modality (n=70). The participants are adult Arabic, English or Danish speaking refugees suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The patients are referred to outpatient treatment by their medical doctor. Data collection takes place in three locations of the clinic in Region Zealand, Denmark. The music therapy method used is Guided Imagery and Music (GIM). Primary outcome is pre, post and 6 months follow-up measures of HTQ (Harvard Trauma Questionaire) and two measures of PTSD-8 during treatment. Secondary outcomes are pre, post and 6 months follow-up measures of Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO-5), Dissociation Symptom Scale (DSS), Somatoform Dissociation Questionaire (SDQ-20), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and physiological measures (salivary oxytocin, betaendorphin and Substance P).

Subjects are randomized to 16 sessions of trauma modified GIM or 16 sessions of verbal psychotherapy (standard treatment). N (70) is based on a power calculation using HTQ measures from similar refugee studies, with an estimated effect size in the range 0.6-0.8. Sampling All baseline measures are scored during interview with a therapist before randomization. The primary post and follow-up measures (HTQ-R) are scored during interviews conducted by external psychologists blinded to the treatment group. The secondary post and follow-up measures are self-report questionnaires scored by the patients with the help of an educated translator who is blinded with regards to the treatment group. 0.5 ml salivary samples are collected in plastic tubes and stored at -20 degrees C. The concentration of tree hormones (oxytocin, betaendorphin, substance P) are analyzed in a multiplex solution. Intervention The intervention is a phased trauma-oriented modification (tmGIM) of the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM), where music listening and spontaneous imagery in an altered state of consciousness is used within a psychotherapeutic session to promote inner transformation and growth. The method was adapted by certain constraints: Using only a limited selection of music with musical parameters, that fully support the trauma-oriented therapeutic goals and do not provoke flashbacks. Using short music listening periods (2-10 minutes). Listening in an upright position. Inclusion of music from Middle-Eastern cultures. Inclusion of psychoeducation and introductory mindfulness based exercises such as mindful breathing and body awareness. Initial focus on inner resources such as positive memories, imagining a safe place and the use of the music breathing technics.

16 sessions of a length of one hour comprising of receptive music psychotherapy with 5 - 15 minutes of music listening included

16 sessions of a length of one hour comprising of verbal based psychotherapy based on principles from Narrative Exposure Therapy or Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

DSM IV PTSD symptoms part (first 16 items) of section 4 of HTQ. the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a 4 point Likert scale. Scored during an interview with an external psychologist blinded to the treatment group. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up.

DSM IV PTSD symptoms (8 of the first 16 items) of section 4 of HTQ. The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire is a Likert 4 point scale. PTSD is scored by the patient two times during treatment before session 4 and 12. This measure is also a part of the HTQ-R (Outcome 1)

WHO-5 Quality of Life Scale, self-report questionnaire. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up.

Revised Adult Attachment Scale. Attachment in close relationship self-report questionnaire. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up.

Dissociation Symptom Scale, self-report questionnaire. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up.

Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire, self-report questionnaire. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up.

Oxytocin collected in saliva. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up and. pre- and post session in the third or fourth session and second or third last session.

Beta-endorphin collected in saliva. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up and pre- and post session in the third or fourth session and second or third last session.

Substance P collected in saliva. Measured at baseline, post-treatment and at 6 months follow up and pre- and post session in the third or fourth session and second or third last session.

Inclusion Criteria: Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction: 309.81 Refugee status: Inhabitant in Denmark International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10): F43.1: PTSD or International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10): F62.0 Enduring personality change after catastrophic experience Referred from a general practitioner or other unit of psychiatry Exclusion Criteria: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10): F20-29 Schizophrenia or schizophrenia like diagnoses Active Substance Abuse Major Depression in connection with psychoses or suicidal risk

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