Trial to Evaluate Beta-Lactam Antimicrobial Therapy of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children

This is an interventional treatment trial for Pneumonia focused on measuring Antimicrobial, Beta-Lactam, Pneumonia, Short Course, Standard Course, Therapy Read More

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 6 - 71 months

2. Provider diagnosis of CAP and prescription of antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or cefdinir

   - amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate prescribed at a amoxicillin dose of 60 mg/kg/day

   -- cefdinir prescribed at a minimum dose of 10 mg/kg/day

3. Parental report of clinical improvement

   - based on lack of either subjective or known fever temperature >/= 38.3°C in the preceding 24 hours; current respiratory rate no greater than 50 breaths/minute (<2 years of age) or breaths/minute (= / > 2 years of age); and current grade of cough < 3

4. Ability of a parent or guardian to understand and comply with the study procedures and be available for all study visits
5. Signed written informed consent by a parent or guardian

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Treatment with any systemic antibiotic therapy within 7 days before the diagnosis of CAP 2. Initial therapy for CAP with combination antibiotic therapy

• amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefdinir plus one or more additional oral, intravenous, or intramuscular antibiotics 3. History of anaphylaxis or severe drug allergy to amoxicillin, if prescribed amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; or oral cephalosporin antibiotics (except cefaclor), if prescribed cefdinir 4. Presence of concomitant bacterial infection that requires > 5 days of antibiotic therapy 5. Radiographic findings (where applicable) of complicated pneumonia at presentation or any subsequent chest radiograph up to the time of enrollment
• clinically significant pleural effusion, lung abscess, or pneumatocele 6. Hospitalization for pneumonia during Day -5 to -1 of antibiotic therapy for CAP
• subjects who require serial clinical assessments, but are discharged within 24 hours will not be considered hospitalized and will not satisfy this exclusion criterion 7. Pneumonia due to S. aureus or group A streptococcus documented by positive blood culture or PCR, at the time of enrollment 8. History of pneumonia within the previous 6 months 9. History of persistent asthma within the previous 6 months or current acute asthma exacerbation

• persistent asthma is defined as receiving daily asthma maintenance therapy such as inhaled corticosteroids, cromolyn, theophylline, or leukotriene receptor antagonists

  -- acute asthma exacerbation is defined as receiving concomitant bronchodilator therapy and systemic corticosteroids 10. Provider-diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia, bronchiolitis, or bronchitis 11. Surgery or other invasive procedures of the upper or lower airway (e.g., bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy) with general anesthesia or hospitalization </=7 days before diagnosis of CAP 12. History of an underlying chronic medical condition

• including chronic heart disease, chronic lung disease (except asthma), congenital anomalies of the airways or lung, cystic fibrosis, chronic renal disease including nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy of any cause, severe malnutrition, neurocognitive disorders, metabolic disorders (including phenylketonuria), or genetic disorders (note: genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome and Edwards Syndrome are excluded; however, children with genetic disorders (e.g., hemophilia) but who do not have a genetic syndrome may not satisfy this particular exclusion criterion; it is important that children with such genetic disorders do not have symptoms and/or comorbidities that would pose additional risk to them nor jeopardize the adequacy of study assessments.) 13. History of a condition that compromises the immune system
• HIV infection, primary immunodeficiency, anatomic or functional asplenia; receipt of a hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplant at any time; receipt of immunosuppressive therapy including chemotherapeutic agents, biologic agents, antimetabolites or radiation therapy during the past 12 months; or daily use of systemic corticosteroids for more than 7 consecutive days during the past 14 days 14. Any other condition that in the judgment of the investigator precludes participation because it could affect the safety of the subject 15. Current enrollment in another clinical trial of an investigational agent 16. Previous enrollment in this trial