Metabolic and Neurofunctional Responses to Breakfasts

Effect of Glucose Versus Mixed Breakfast on Metabolic and Neurofunctional Responses in Healthy Individuals

This study aims at assessing the effects of glucose and different types of breakfast on metabolic and neurofunctional responses in healthy individuals. Twelve healthy subjects, on a stable diet, in a randomized-crossover fashion, received either a 50 g glucose load (control) or one of these breakfast: B1: milk (125ml) and cereals (30g); B2: milk (220ml), apple (200g) and cream chocolate filled sponge cake (30g); B3: milk (125ml), bread (50g), apple (150g) and hazelnut cream chocolate (15g). Prior and upon completion of each tolerance test, an EEG was performed to measure frontal P300-evoked potentials.

EEG_pre + B3: milk (125ml), apple (150g), and bread (50g) with hazelnut chocolate cream (15g) + EEG_post

50g of glucose dissolved in 250 to 300ml of water was drunk. Prior and upon completion of each glucose tolerance test, an EEG was performed.

A breakfast (B1) including a glass of milk (125ml) and 30 g-corn flakes was consumed. Prior and upon completion of each tolerance test, an EEG was performed

A breakfast (B2) including a glass of milk (220ml), an apple (200g), a cream chocolate filled sponge cake (30g) was consumed. Prior and upon completion of each meal tolerance test, an EEG was performed.

A breakfast (B3) including a glass of milk (125ml), an apple (150g), bread (50g, hazelnut chocolate cream (15g) was consumed. Prior and upon completion of each meal tolerance test, an EEG was performed.

Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed prior each tolerance test to assess frontal P300-evoked potentials

Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed upon completion of each tolerance test to assess frontal P300-evoked potentials

Effect of glucose vs different kind of breakfasts on cognitive performances via brain evoked-potentials measure

On the same morning of the glucose tolerance test, before and 180 min after consumption, an EEG was performed to record P300 wave-evoked potentials.

The incremental (post-pre) frontal P300 potential was assessed as a "change" ( before and 180 min after consumption)

The incremental area under plasma glucose concentration curve (AUC_glycemia) was used as summary measures of the metabolic responses resulting from the intake of either glucose or one of the 3 breakfasts. The incremental AUC was calculated as the difference between the total AUC and the product of the basal, pre-test concentration time during the experiment (i.e., 120 min).

Blood samples are drawn at -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 minutes with respect to the ingestion.

The incremental area under plasma ghrelin concentration curve (AUC_ghrelinemia) was used as summary measures of the metabolic responses resulting from the intake of either glucose or one of the 3 breakfasts. The incremental AUC was calculated as the difference between the total AUC and the product of the basal, pre-test concentration time during the experiment (i.e., 120 min).

Blood samples are drawn at -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 minutes with respect to the ingestion.

The incremental area under plasma insulim concentration curve (AUC_insulinemia) was used as summary measures of the metabolic responses resulting from the intake of either glucose or one of the 3 breakfasts. The incremental AUC was calculated as the difference between the total AUC and the product of the basal, pre-test concentration time during the experiment (i.e., 120 min).

Blood samples are drawn at -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 minutes with respect to the ingestion.

Inclusion Criteria: BMI 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2 normal glucose tolerance stable diet Exclusion Criteria: type 1 and type 2 diabetes impaired glucose tolerance dyslipidemia metabolic syndrome

Barclay AW, Brand-Miller JC, Wolever TM. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and glycemic response are not the same. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jul;28(7):1839-40. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1839. No abstract available.

Franz MJ. The glycemic index: not the most effective nutrition therapy intervention. Diabetes Care. 2003 Aug;26(8):2466-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.8.2466. No abstract available.

Esposito K, Giugliano D. Low-glycemic load diet and resting energy expenditure. JAMA. 2005 Mar 9;293(10):1189; auhor reply 1189-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.10.1189-a. No abstract available.

Benedini S, Codella R, Caumo A, Marangoni F, Luzi L. Different circulating ghrelin responses to isoglucidic snack food in healthy individuals. Horm Metab Res. 2011 Feb;43(2):135-40. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1269900. Epub 2011 Jan 10.

Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes. 2001 Aug;50(8):1714-9. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714.