The Effects of Consuming Palm Oil With Different Macronutrient Intakes on Blood Lipids

The Effects of Palm Oil Consumed Under Different Macronutrient Distributions on Circulating Lipoprotein and Fatty Acid Profiles

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of palm oil when consumed as either part of a low carbohydrate diet or a high carbohydrate diet on blood lipids, cardiovascular health and inflammation. The study will help us better understand how the quality of saturated fat and the quantity of carbohydrate interact to impact blood lipids and cardiovascular health.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of palm oil on blood lipids, cardiovascular health and inflammation. Potential subjects will be screened until 24 qualifying healthy participants are enrolled. After enrollment participants will undergo a baseline battery of tests including blood draws, body composition, measures of height and weight, blood lipid profile (cholesterol, lipoprotein particle size, quantity and fatty acid composition), insulin sensitivity using a static index, inflammation, antioxidant status and measurement of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry. Participants will be randomly divided into one of two arms/tracks, either a low carbohydrate diet arm or a high carbohydrate diet arm. Each diet arm consists of 3 phases a low saturated fat control diet where the primary cooking oil is canola oil and two saturated fat diet phases where the primary cooking oil is either palm oil or butter. Participants will begin with the low saturated fat diet phase first which consists of 50% of fat calories derived from canola oil for 3 weeks. At the end of this control diet phase the battery of tests completed at baseline will be repeated. After a 2-week washout period participants will then proceed in random order into either the palm oil or butter diet phases of their diet arm/track. The palm oil and butter diet phases are also 3 weeks in duration and separated by a 2 week washout period. The palm oil and butter diet phases will derive 50% of the fat calories from either palm oil or butter. Both oils are high in saturated fat but differ in the quality of saturated fat. At the end of each diet phase the testing battery completed at baseline will be repeated. The subjects will never be exposed to more than minimal risk and in return will receive 9 weeks of food, individualized reports of their study results and a monetary stipend. The study will help us better understand how the quality of saturated fat and the quantity of carbohydrate interact to impact blood lipids and cardiovascular health. This knowledge can be used to aid dietary recommendations for cardiovascular health and control of blood lipids.

Half of the participants will be randomly assigned to this diet arm. The macronutrient composition of the diet will be (PRO (protein):CHO (carbohydrate):FAT, 18:8:74). There are three diet phases within this arm that use different fats as the primary cooking oil either canola oil, palm oil or butter. Each diet phase lasts for 3 weeks. At the end of each diet phase the testing battery completed at baseline will be repeated followed by a 2 week washout where subjects revert back to their usual diets. Canola oil is the low saturated fat control diet and is administered first. Participants then randomly begin either the palm oil or canola oil diet phases.

Half of the participants will be randomly assigned to this diet arm. The macronutrient composition of the diet will be (PRO:CHO:FAT, 18:60:22). There are three diet phases within this arm that use different fats as the primary cooking oil either canola oil, palm oil or butter. Each diet phase lasts for 3 weeks. At the end of each diet phase the testing battery completed at baseline will be repeated followed by a 2 week washout where subjects revert back to their usual diets. Canola oil is the low saturated fat control diet and is administered first. Participants then randomly begin either the palm oil or canola oil diet phases.

Subjects will be provided with all their meals prepared in our metabolic kitchen in order to control their diets. The major cooking oil used in food preparation will be canola oil. The meals will be tailored to the caloric needs of each individual in order to maintain their body weight.

Subjects will be provided with all their meals prepared in our metabolic kitchen in order to control their diets. The major cooking oil used in food preparation will be palm oil. The meals will be tailored to the caloric needs of each individual in order to maintain their body weight.

Subjects will be provided with all their meals prepared in our metabolic kitchen in order to control their diets. The major cooking oils used in food preparation will be butter. The meals will be tailored to the caloric needs of each individual in order to maintain their body weight.

Change in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Particle Size between Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Lipoprotein Distribution)

The change in HDL particle size and the number of each size particle between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Change in HDL Particle Size between Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Lipoprotein Distribution)

The change in HDL particle size and the number of each size particle between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Change in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Particle Size between Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Lipoprotein Distribution)

The change in LDL particle size and the number of each size particle between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by NMR spectroscopy

Change in LDL Particle Size between Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Lipoprotein Distribution)

The change in LDL particle size and the number of each size particle between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by NMR spectroscopy

Change in Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Particle Size between Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Lipoprotein Distribution)

The change in VLDL particle size and the number of each size particle between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by NMR spectroscopy

Change in VLDL Particle Size between Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Lipoprotein Distribution)

The change in VLDL particle size and the number of each size particle between Canola and Butter diets will be assessed by NMR spectroscopy

The change in glucose and insulin between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be measured from plasma to determine the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index score

The change in glucose and insulin between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be measured from plasma to determine the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index score

Change in Body Composition (Percent of Lean Mass, Fat Mass and Bone Mass according to the 3-compartment Model) between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases

The change in body composition between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Change in Body Composition (Percent of Lean Mass, Fat Mass and Bone Mass according to the 3-compartment Model) between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases

The change in body composition between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Change in the Cholesterol Profile between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

The change in total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be measured by immunoturbidimetry and LDL cholesterol will be calculated using these two values.

Change in the Cholesterol Profile between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

The change in total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be measured by immunoturbidimetry and LDL cholesterol will be calculated using these two values.

Change in Total Triglycerides between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

The change in triglycerides between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be measured by immunoturbidimetry

Change in Total Triglycerides between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

The change in triglycerides between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be measured by immunoturbidimetry

Change in the Apolopoprotein-A1 Concentration in plasma between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

Change in the Apolopoprotein-A1 Concentration in plasma between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

Change in the Apolopoprotein-B Concentration in plasma between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

Change in the Apolopoprotein-B Concentration in plasma between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of the Cholesterol Profile)

Teh change in the fatty acid composition of the plasma between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection

The change in the fatty acid composition of the plasma between Canola Oil and Butter will be assessed by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection

Change in C-Reactive Protein between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of an Inflammatory Panel)

The change in C-Reactive Protein between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed using a multiplex ELISA platform

Change in C-Reactive Protein between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of an Inflammatory Panel)

The change in C-Reactive Protein between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed using a multiplex ELISA platform

Change in Interleukin (IL)-1beta Protein between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of an Inflammatory Panel)

The change in IL-1beta between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed using a multiplex ELISA platform

Change in IL-1beta Protein between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of an Inflammatory Panel)

The change in IL-1beta between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed using a multiplex ELISA platform

Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of an Inflammatory Panel)

The change in TNF-alpha between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed using a multiplex ELISA platform

The change in TNF-alpha between Canola Oil and Palm Oil will be assessed using a multiplex ELISA platform

The change in TNF-alpha between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed using a singleplex ELISA platform

The change in Neopterin between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed using a singleplex ELISA platform

The change in Elastase between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed using a singleplex ELISA platform

The change in Elastase between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed using a singleplex ELISA platform

Change in Conjugated Dienes between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of an Antioxidant Status Assessment)

The change in Conjugated dienes, an early stage lipid peroxidation product, between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by spectrophotometry.

Change in Conjugated Dienes between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of an Antioxidant Status Assessment)

The change in Conjugated dienes, an early stage lipid peroxidation product, between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed by spectrophotometry.

Change in Malondialdehyde between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of an Antioxidant Status Assessment)

The change in Malondialdehyde, a late stage lipid peroxidation product, between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by spectroscopy.

Change in Malondialdehyde between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of an Antioxidant Status Assessment)

The change in Malondialdehyde, a late stage lipid peroxidation product, between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed by high performance liquid chromatography.

Change in the Total Antioxidant Capacity of the blood between the Canola Oil and Palm Oil Diet Phases (Part of an Antioxidant Status Assessment)

The change in the total antioxidant capacity of the blood between Canola Oil and Palm Oil diets will be assessed by spectrophotometry using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay.

Change in the Total Antioxidant Capacity of the blood between the Canola Oil and Butter Diet Phases (Part of an Antioxidant Status Assessment)

The change in the total antioxidant capacity of the blood between Canola Oil and Butter diets will be assessed by spectrophotometry using the FRAP assay.

Inclusion Criteria: normocholesterolemic Exclusion Criteria: hypercholesterolemia diabetes liver disease kidney disease other metabolic or endocrine dysfunction diagnosis of cancer within the previous 5 years hypertension current use of cholesterol reducing medications current use of diabetic medications

There is no plan to share data with other scientists but participants will be provided with their own individual data when the study is complete.

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