Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Brain Injury in Carotid Endarterectomy

This is a randomized controlled trial designed to test an intervention (Remote ischemic preconditioning) in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).Remote ischemic preconditioning(RIPC) with transient upper limb ischemia/reperfusion is a novel, simple, cost-free,non-pharmacological and non-invasive strategy.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning on perioperative ischaemic injury in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy compared to control intervention.The outcomes of interest include neurocognitive function,clinical outcomes,and biomarkers of brain injury.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) protocol will be induced during anesthesia by 3 cycles of 5-min upper limb ischemia and 5-min reperfusion using a blood pressure cuff inflated to a pressure 200mmHg

RIPC will be induced during anesthesia by 3 cycles of 5-min upper limb ischemia and 5-min reperfusion using a blood-pressure cuff inflated to a pressure 200mmHg

RIPC will be induced during anesthesia by 3 cycles of 5-min upper limb ischemia and 5-min reperfusion using a blood-pressure cuff inflated to a pressure 200mmHg

Inclusion Criteria: Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy Patients aged 55 years to 80 years Exclusion Criteria: Inability to give informed consent Known Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in arm Pre-existing lymphedema or axillary node dissection both arms Arteriovenous fistula or graft in both arms Left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% Diagnosis of dementia, intellectual disability, or mental illness including depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia

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