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Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair

Primary Purpose

Testicle Undescended, Pain, Postoperative

Status
Completed
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Canada
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block
Caudal-epidural nerve block
Acetaminophen
Sevoflurane
Remifentanil
Propofol
Morphine
Ondansetron
Dexamethasone
Ketorolac
Ropivacaine
Sponsored by
Alberta Children's Hospital
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional supportive care trial for Testicle Undescended focused on measuring Testicle, Pain, Orchiopexy, Caudal nerve block, Ilioinguinal nerve block

Eligibility Criteria

6 Months - 4 Years (Child)MaleAccepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy children (ASA I and II) between the ages of 6 months and 4 years presenting for elective orchiopexy repair who are scheduled for day stay only.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients with a history of clinically important renal, hepatic, cardiac, or neurological conditions and those with a history of allergic reactions to local anesthetics, bleeding diatheses, coagulopathy, and spinal abnormality such as a sacral dimple will be excluded.

Sites / Locations

  • Alberta Children's Hospital

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Active Comparator

Experimental

Arm Label

Caudal-epidural nerve block

Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block

Arm Description

All patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) within one hour of induction of anesthesia. Inhalation induction of anesthesia will be performed with sevoflurane in 100% O2. A single dose of up to 2-4 mg/kg of propofol and Remifentanil 0.5-1mcg/kg will be given prior insertion of a laryngeal mask airway or endotracheal tube. Anesthesia will be maintained with Propofol and Remifentanil (2.5mcg/ml) which will be started at 300 mcg/kg/min and titrated to effect. If necessary additional boluses of Propofol (1mg/kg) and/or Remifentanil (0.5-1mcg/kg) and/or Morphine 0.05mg/kg boluses IV will be administered. Ondansetron (0.1mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg) will be given as antiemetic prophylaxis for all patients. Ketorolac 0.3mg/kg will be given to each patient. The CE group will receive an US-confirmed CE nerve block with 0.8 mL/kg of 0.2% ropivacaine (maximum 15 mL). An additional 0.2 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.2% (max 4mL) will be used for scrotal skin infiltration.

All patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) within one hour of induction of anesthesia. Inhalation induction of anesthesia will be performed with sevoflurane in 100% O2. A single dose of up to 2-4 mg/kg of propofol and Remifentanil 0.5-1mcg/kg will be given prior insertion of a laryngeal mask airway or endotracheal tube. Anesthesia will be maintained with Propofol and Remifentanil (2.5mcg/ml) which will be started at 300 mcg/kg/min and titrated to effect. If necessary additional boluses of Propofol (1mg/kg) and/or Remifentanil (0.5-1mcg/kg) and/or Morphine 0.05mg/kg boluses IV will be administered. Ondansetron (0.1mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg) will be given as antiemetic prophylaxis for all patients. Ketorolac 0.3mg/kg will be given to each patient. The IIG/IHG group will receive a unilateral US guided IIG/IHG with 0.4mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.2% (max 12 mL). An additional 0.2 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.2% (max 4mL) will be used for scrotal skin infiltration.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Post-operative pain
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Post-operative pain
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Post-operative pain
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Post-operative pain
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Post-operative pain
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Post-operative pain
Patients will be contacted 24 hours following their surgery to complete the parents' postoperative pain measure (PPPM). The PPPM is a well-established post-operative pain assessment tool with high inter-rater reliability and construct validity that has been designed specifically for use by parents in the post-operative care of their children. The measure includes 15 items scored between 0 and 1. The questionnaire will be completed over the telephone within 24 hours of the patient's surgery.
Total ibuprofen consumption
Evaluated and compiled through anesthesia notes, post-operative nursing care notes and parental telephone follow-up
Total acetaminophen consumption
Evaluated and compiled through anesthesia notes, post-operative nursing care notes and parental telephone follow-up

Full Information

First Posted
February 1, 2017
Last Updated
February 14, 2022
Sponsor
Alberta Children's Hospital
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT03041935
Brief Title
Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair
Official Title
Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
February 2022
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
September 1, 2015 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
January 1, 2019 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
January 1, 2019 (Actual)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Alberta Children's Hospital

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Surgical intervention to treat undescended testis is a very common pediatric surgical procedure, often performed using an inguinal incision or subscrotal incision approach. Children who undergo orchiopexy can suffer from a significant degree of discomfort postoperatively. The investigators are evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasound guided caudal-epidural (CE) block to an US guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (IIG/IHG) nerve block in achieving post operative analgesia following a orchiopexy repair. It is hypothesized that US guided IIG/IHG nerve block leads to more effective pain control post-operatively while in hospital relative to an US guided CE block for orchiopexy surgery.
Detailed Description
Surgical intervention to treat undescended testis is a very common pediatric surgical procedure, often performed using an inguinal incision or subscrotal incision approach. Children who undergo orchiopexy can suffer from a significant degree of discomfort postoperatively. A multimodal pain management approach including medications such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids have traditionally been used in combination with a regional anesthetic technique. Regional anesthetic techniques include surgical infiltration of local anesthetic, caudal-epidural (CE) block or an ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (IIG/IHG) nerve block. Regional anesthetic techniques such as CE and ultrasound (US) guided IIG/IHG are well-established methods shown to reduce the use of intraoperative anesthetics and the need post operative rescue analgesia. Traditionally, IIG/IHG nerve blocks were completed using a landmark-based approach but due to unpredictable block results with failure rates over 30% and potentially serious complications such as unintentional intraperitoneal injection, many anesthesiologists preferred the more reliable CE technique (2, 3). However, while the CE provides excellent intraoperative anesthesia it provides short duration of post-operative analgesia (4-6 hours) and can be associated with lower limb motor block and urinary retention (4). Recent literature has demonstrated that an US guided IIG/IHG can be completed with smaller volume of local anesthetic with a success rate of up to 100% with low risk of complications. Furthermore there is evidence to suggest that it provides an increased duration of postoperative analgesia for pediatric patients undergoing groin surgery (3, 5). Finally, two publications retrospectively reviewing complications in over 45000 regional anesthetic blocks suggest that US guided peripheral nerve blocks (e.g., IIG/IHG) should be favoured over neuraxial techniques such as epidural and caudal anesthetics due to the risk-benefit profile (6,7). A recent meta-analysis comparing IIG/IIH block to the CE block in children notes that additional comparative studies are required as previous studies comparing these two techniques have many methodological limitations including small sample sizes, using blind (non-US guided) regional anesthetic techniques and grouping patients undergoing various surgical procedures (e.g., orchiopexy and hernia repair) despite significant differences in recovery pain profiles (8). The investigators are proposing to complete a prospective randomized single-blinded non-inferiority study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of an US guided CE block to an US guided IIG/IHG nerve block in achieving post operative analgesia following orchiopexy for undescended testicle(s). Currently, a number of Pediatric Anesthesiologists at the Alberta Children's Hospital do not routinely complete IIG/IIH or CE blocks under ultrasound guidance. As part of this study investigators hope to provide necessary knowledge (sonoanatomy, technique) and offer supervised clinical training to anesthesiologists who are interested in participating in the study. While orchiopexy remains a common procedure, no studies have compared the use of US guided CE to US guided IIG/IHG. The aim of this study is to establish non-inferiority in post-operative pain while in hospital as assessed through the Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale for the US guided IIG/IHG as compared to US guided CE following orchiopexy surgery. Secondary objectives will assess for group differences in need for rescue analgesia in hospital, analgesia administered at home, and postoperative pain measures within 24 hours post hospital discharge. The investigators hypothesize that a US guided IIG/IHG nerve block leads to non-inferior objectively measured FLACC pain scores (≤ 1 point on FLACC scale) post-operatively while in hospital relative to an US guided CE block for orchiopexy surgery.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Testicle Undescended, Pain, Postoperative
Keywords
Testicle, Pain, Orchiopexy, Caudal nerve block, Ilioinguinal nerve block

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Supportive Care
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
Outcomes Assessor
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
90 (Actual)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Caudal-epidural nerve block
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Arm Description
All patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) within one hour of induction of anesthesia. Inhalation induction of anesthesia will be performed with sevoflurane in 100% O2. A single dose of up to 2-4 mg/kg of propofol and Remifentanil 0.5-1mcg/kg will be given prior insertion of a laryngeal mask airway or endotracheal tube. Anesthesia will be maintained with Propofol and Remifentanil (2.5mcg/ml) which will be started at 300 mcg/kg/min and titrated to effect. If necessary additional boluses of Propofol (1mg/kg) and/or Remifentanil (0.5-1mcg/kg) and/or Morphine 0.05mg/kg boluses IV will be administered. Ondansetron (0.1mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg) will be given as antiemetic prophylaxis for all patients. Ketorolac 0.3mg/kg will be given to each patient. The CE group will receive an US-confirmed CE nerve block with 0.8 mL/kg of 0.2% ropivacaine (maximum 15 mL). An additional 0.2 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.2% (max 4mL) will be used for scrotal skin infiltration.
Arm Title
Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
All patients will receive acetaminophen (15mg/kg) within one hour of induction of anesthesia. Inhalation induction of anesthesia will be performed with sevoflurane in 100% O2. A single dose of up to 2-4 mg/kg of propofol and Remifentanil 0.5-1mcg/kg will be given prior insertion of a laryngeal mask airway or endotracheal tube. Anesthesia will be maintained with Propofol and Remifentanil (2.5mcg/ml) which will be started at 300 mcg/kg/min and titrated to effect. If necessary additional boluses of Propofol (1mg/kg) and/or Remifentanil (0.5-1mcg/kg) and/or Morphine 0.05mg/kg boluses IV will be administered. Ondansetron (0.1mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg) will be given as antiemetic prophylaxis for all patients. Ketorolac 0.3mg/kg will be given to each patient. The IIG/IHG group will receive a unilateral US guided IIG/IHG with 0.4mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.2% (max 12 mL). An additional 0.2 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.2% (max 4mL) will be used for scrotal skin infiltration.
Intervention Type
Procedure
Intervention Name(s)
Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Procedure
Intervention Name(s)
Caudal-epidural nerve block
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Acetaminophen
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Sevoflurane
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Remifentanil
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Propofol
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Morphine
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Ondansetron
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Dexamethasone
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Ketorolac
Intervention Description
See arm description
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Ropivacaine
Intervention Description
See arm description
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Post-operative pain
Description
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Time Frame
Immediately following the procedure
Title
Post-operative pain
Description
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Time Frame
15 minutes post-operatively
Title
Post-operative pain
Description
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Time Frame
30 minutes post-operatively
Title
Post-operative pain
Description
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Time Frame
60 minutes post-operatively
Title
Post-operative pain
Description
Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).
Time Frame
120 minutes post-operatively
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Post-operative pain
Description
Patients will be contacted 24 hours following their surgery to complete the parents' postoperative pain measure (PPPM). The PPPM is a well-established post-operative pain assessment tool with high inter-rater reliability and construct validity that has been designed specifically for use by parents in the post-operative care of their children. The measure includes 15 items scored between 0 and 1. The questionnaire will be completed over the telephone within 24 hours of the patient's surgery.
Time Frame
24 hours post-operatively
Title
Total ibuprofen consumption
Description
Evaluated and compiled through anesthesia notes, post-operative nursing care notes and parental telephone follow-up
Time Frame
Up to 24 hours post-operatively
Title
Total acetaminophen consumption
Description
Evaluated and compiled through anesthesia notes, post-operative nursing care notes and parental telephone follow-up
Time Frame
Up to 24 hours post-operatively

10. Eligibility

Sex
Male
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
6 Months
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
4 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Healthy children (ASA I and II) between the ages of 6 months and 4 years presenting for elective orchiopexy repair who are scheduled for day stay only. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with a history of clinically important renal, hepatic, cardiac, or neurological conditions and those with a history of allergic reactions to local anesthetics, bleeding diatheses, coagulopathy, and spinal abnormality such as a sacral dimple will be excluded.
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Alberta Children's Hospital
City
Calgary
State/Province
Alberta
ZIP/Postal Code
T3B 6A8
Country
Canada

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
Undecided
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21197314
Citation
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Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair

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