Lidocaine in ERAS for FESS

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a commonly performed procedure. It is known that bleeding during FESS can affect directly to the visibility of safe landmarks and surgical outcomes.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a commonly performed procedure in the head and neck field. It is known that bleeding during FESS can affect directly to the visibility of safe landmarks and surgical outcomes. Use of vasoactive drugs to control bleeding is not without pitfalls. Systemic effects of epinephrine may constitute a potential hazard in patients with hypertension, ischemic heart disease, anemia, preexistent liver or renal damage and endocrine dysfunction (hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma and diabetes mellitus). Lidocaine is a prototypical local anesthetic, but it also has systemic effects that are mediated by inhibitory effects on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and leukocyte priming. Consequently, systemic lidocaine is antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antihyperalgesic. Randomized clinical trials, however, have produced mixed results. Several studies have shown reduction in postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores, whereas others have failed to show a benefit.

Will be calculated from the fluid volume of the suction canister. The volume of irrigating fluid will subtracted from the total volume of fluid contained in the suction bottle. Additionally, a fully soaked cotton strip will be assumed to contain 5 ml of blood and a partially soaked one to contain 2-3 ml of blood

The surgeon will assess the quality of surgical field every 15 min after the beginning of drug infusion for the first 60 min according to a 6-point Boezaart scale

Will be assessed at the initial phase (baseline), immediately after induction of anesthesia, and then 15, 30. 45, 60 min after the begining of drug infusion

Will be assessed at the initial phase (baseline), immediately after induction of anesthesia, and then 15, 30. 45, 60 min after the begining of drug infusion

Inclusion Criteria: Patients, 20-50 yr ASA class I and II Elective Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) under general anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: Patient refusal, allergy to the study medication, pre-existing chronic pain at any site requiring treatment, intolerance to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), psychiatric or neurological disorders, seizure disorder requiring medication within the previous 2 years, body mass index > 30 kg/ m2, revision sinus surgery, pregnancy, and patients with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, renal or hepatic diseases