Seroma Reduction After Mastectomy (SAM)
Primary Purpose
Seroma, Aspiration, Breast Cancer
Status
Completed
Phase
Phase 4
Locations
Netherlands
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Artiss
vicryl sutures
Conventional
Sponsored by
About this trial
This is an interventional treatment trial for Seroma
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Older than 18 years
- Female sex
- Indication for mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients undergoing breast conserving therapy
- Patients undergoing direct breast reconstruction
- Unable to comprehend implications and extent of study and sign for informed consent
Sites / Locations
- Zuyderland Medisch Centrum
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm 3
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Experimental
Experimental
Arm Label
conventional wound closure
flap fixation with vicryl sutures
Artiss tissue glue
Arm Description
The skin flaps will not undergo further treatment in this group.
The skin flaps will be sutured on to the pectoral muscle after having performed the mastectomy.
ARTISS tissue glue will be applied to the skin flaps after mastectomy
Outcomes
Primary Outcome Measures
Number of seroma aspirations
Number of seroma aspirations performed post mastectomy
Secondary Outcome Measures
Number of out patient clinic visits
Number of out patient clinic visits
Infection rate
Post operative surgical site infections
Shoulder function
Shoulder function as measured by the disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH score)
Cosmesis
Subjective post operative cosmesis after mastectomy by questionnaire
Impact on Quality of life
QALY (EQ-5D)
Cost effectiveness
Cost effectiveness as assessed by a validated cost effectiveness questionnaire
Full Information
NCT ID
NCT03305757
First Posted
January 23, 2017
Last Updated
December 2, 2019
Sponsor
Zuyderland Medisch Centrum
1. Study Identification
Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT03305757
Brief Title
Seroma Reduction After Mastectomy
Acronym
SAM
Official Title
A Multi-center, Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Closure of the Dead Space After Mastectomy Using Sutures or Tissue Glue Versus Conventional Closure. Protocol for the Seroma Reduction After Mastectomy (SAM) Trial
Study Type
Interventional
2. Study Status
Record Verification Date
December 2019
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
June 1, 2014 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
August 31, 2019 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
August 31, 2019 (Actual)
3. Sponsor/Collaborators
Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Zuyderland Medisch Centrum
4. Oversight
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.
No
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes
5. Study Description
Brief Summary
Rationale: Seroma formation and its sequelae form the mainstay of complications in breast cancer surgery. Seroma has an incidence of 3% to 85%. Complications vary from delayed wound healing, infection, skin flap necrosis, patient discomfort and repeated visits to the out patient clinic. The key to reducing seroma formations seems to partly lie in the obliteration of dead space. The use of electrocautery has been demonstrated to increase seroma formation following mastectomy, however no other surgical devices (laser scalpel, argon diathermy and ultrasonic scalpel) or substances have proven to be superior in seroma reduction.
No prospective randomized controlled trials have been able to demonstrate which techniques are superior in reducing seroma and as a consequence patient discomfort in patients undergoing mastectomy. In a previous retrospective observational study these investigators demonstrated that mastectomy flap fixation significantly reduced seroma formation and the number of seroma aspirations. In a pilot study that was recently performed in one of the investigators hospitals, ARTISS tissue glue was used for skin flap fixation and showed promising results. The investigators hypothesize that obliteration of the dead space following mastectomy will significantly reduce seroma formation, its complications and the discomfort it causes patients undergoing mastectomy.
Detailed Description
INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE
Seroma formation is a common side effect after surgery for breast cancer, with an incidence of 3% to 85%. Seroma is a collection of serous fluid that contains blood plasma and/ or lymph fluid. Some surgeons regard seroma formation as a necessary evil after breast cancer surgery. Seroma formation and its sequelae form the mainstay of complications in breast cancer surgery. Complications vary from delayed wound healing, infection, skin flap necrosis, patient discomfort and repeated visits to the out patient clinic to deal with seroma and its sequelae.
The key to reducing seroma formations seems to partly lie in the obliteration of dead space. However, the techniques used to achieve this goal are subjects of much controversy and debate. In a randomized controlled study it was difficult to elucidate whether reducing the dead space or ligation of lymphatics or a combination of both were responsible of reduction of seroma formation.
The use of electrocautery has been demonstrated to increase seroma formation following mastectomy, however no other surgical devices (laser scalpel, argon diathermy and ultrasonic scalpel) or substances have proven to be superior in seroma reduction. Seroma formation after axillary dissection for breast cancer cannot be avoided but hopefully it can be minimized by mechanical dead space closure. This systematic review highlights the fact that seroma formation is multifactorial and prevention of seroma is difficult at present. Certain prospective trials have been performed that demonstrate that flap anchoring and therefore dead space reduction could be very beneficial. The trial performed by Laurence et al analysed flap fixation and closed suction drainage. In this study there was no difference in seroma rates, but patients without drains were discharged earlier. In the trial performed by Sakkary et al the amount of fluid drained was significantly less in the flap fixation group however patient discomfort (seroma aspirations and out patient visits) were not assessed.
A Cochrane review was published in 2013 regarding Fibrin Glue (Tissuecol), Fibrin Glue did not influence the incidence of postoperative seroma, the mean volume of seroma, wound infections, complications and the length of hospital stays in people undergoing breast cancer surgery. Due to significant methodological and clinical diversity among the included studies this conclusion may be considered weak and biased. Therefore, a major multicentre and high-quality RCT is required to validate these findings. ARTISS tissue glue is a two-component fibrin sealant matrix of human fibrinogen and human thrombin wich has the advantage of setting in 60 seconds. This means that the surgeon has 60 seconds to correctly position the skin flaps before the tissue sealant sets,
The investigators hypothesize that obliteration of the dead space following mastectomy will significantly reduce seroma formation. This study aims to reduce seroma formation after mastectomy, proving that obliteration of dead space following mastectomy is vital in preventing seroma formation and its sequelae.
The investigators current standard of treatment for patients undergoing mastectomy in Atrium Medical Centre Heerlen is flap fixation using interrupted Vicryl sutures and closed suction drainage. In Orbis Medical Centre Sittard current standard of wound closure in patients undergoing mastectomy is ARTISS Tissue Glue.
A retrospective study (13-N-77) has been conducted in our centre in which flap fixation seemed to be an effective surgical technique in reducing dead space and therefore seroma formation in patients undergoing mastectomy for invasive breast cancer. Patients undergoing flap fixation required fewer seroma aspirations and had fewer seroma related complications (infection).
OBJECTIVES
Primary Objective:
To assess:
1. The number of seroma aspirations
Secondary Objective(s):
To assess:
The number of out patient clinic visits
Infection rate
Shoulder function
Cosmesis
Quality of life, costs and cost-effectiveness (cost/QALY)
3. STUDY DESIGN
Study design is a double-blind randomized controlled trial. All patients are > 18 years and will be enrolled after obtaining informed consent in the surgical out patient clinics of Zuyderland Medical Center (Heerlen and Sittard), Maastricht University Medical Center, St Jans Gasthuis, Weert and Albert Schweitser Hospital, Dordrecht. All patients have an indication to undergo mastectomy due to invasive breast cancer or DCIS.
Follow up will be performed until 1 year after surgery. Patients will be evaluated in the out patient clinic 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months postoperatively.
Study population:
Female patients > 18 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer or DCIS with an indication to perform mastectomy
Intervention:
Conventional mastectomy with closed suction drainage
Mastectomy with flap fixation using absorbable sutures and closed suction drainage
Mastectomy with flap fixation using ARTISS tissue glue and closed suction drainage
Main study parameters/endpoints:
Primary endpoint: Number of seroma aspirations
Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: Patients will be informed about the study before inclusion in the out patient clinic. Informed consent will be obtained in the out patient clinic a week after patients were initially informed. Postoperative check ups will de done more frequently.
Standard postoperative check ups:
2 weeks, 3 months, 12 months
Additional study postoperative check ups:
6 weeks, 6 months Therefore patients will be required to undergo two additional check ups. During out patients' visits, patients will hand in questionnaires regarding shoulder function and a questionnaire scale regarding cosmesis.
Patients will be clinically examined as they usually would be.
Out-patient follow up identical for all three groups
2 weeks post operatively, DASH + cosmesis questionnaire, clinical assessment seroma 6 weeks post operatively, DASH + cosmesis questionnaire + EQ-5D, clinical assessment seroma 3 months post operatively, DASH + cosmesis questionnaire + EQ-5D + cost questionnaire, clinical assessment seroma 6 months post operatively, DASH + cosmesis questionnaire + EQ-5D + cost questionnaire, clinical assessment seroma 12 months post operatively, DASH + cosmesis questionnaire +EQ-5D + cost questionnaire, clinical assessment seroma
EXIT FROM TRIAL 1 YEAR POST OPERATIVELY 4. STUDY POPULATION 4.1 Population (base ) All patients will be recruited from the surgical breast cancer clinic after evaluation for invasive breast cancer or DCIS. Patients will be recruited from two breast cancer clinics, treating 500 patients annually for breast cancer. Patients undergoing mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy are eligible for inclusion.
4.2 Inclusion criteria Older than 18 years Female sex Indication for mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy
4.3 Exclusion criteria Patients undergoing breast conserving therapy Patients undergoing direct breast reconstruction Unable to comprehend implications and extent of study and sign for informed consent
4.4 Sample size calculation The number of seroma aspirations is not normally distributed. Therefore, sample size estimations based on normally distributed continuous variables cannot be used. It is possible to use formulas based on non-parametric analysis methods, estimating the chance of a random patient in the treatment group having fewer aspirations than a random patient in the control group. However, since the majority of patients will have the same number of aspirations (i.e. 0), this method of sample size estimation does not seem to be applicable to our study.
Sample size estimation based on ordinal regression is in line with the data distribution and limited possibilities (maximum number of aspirations in the observational retrospective study was 4) of the outcome variable (Walters SJ. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2004: 2(1); 26). Using alpha=0.025 (correction for 2 comparisons with 3 study groups), beta=0.10, and a proportional odds ratio=2.67 (corresponding to an absolute difference of 20% in the need for seroma punctions), the sample size is estimated at 112 patients per study group.
5. TREATMENT OF SUBJECTS Group 1: conventional treatment and closed suction drainage Group 2: flap fixation with vicryl sutures and closed suction drainage Group 3: Artiss tissue glue and closed suction drainage
6. Conditions and Keywords
Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Seroma, Aspiration, Breast Cancer
7. Study Design
Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Phase 4
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
Study design is a double-blind randomized controlled trial. All patients are > 18 years and will be enrolled after obtaining informed consent in the surgical out patient clinics of Zuyderland Medical Center (Heerlen and Sittard), Maastricht University Medical Center, St Jans Gasthuis, Weert and Albert Schweitser Hospital, Dordrecht. All patients have an indication to undergo mastectomy due to invasive breast cancer or DCIS.
Follow up will be performed until 1 year after surgery. Patients will be evaluated in the out patient clinic 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months postoperatively.
Masking
ParticipantCare ProviderInvestigator
Masking Description
Randomisation is achieved using a web based randomization programme (RANDI2). Randomization will take place on the day of surgery, after the start of the operation and 30 minutes before wound closure. Blocked randomisation will take place with randomly selected block sizes (6/9/12) with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1. Randomisation will be stratified per site. Both patients and surgeons will be blinded. Patients will be informed preoperatively that their post-operative check ups will NOT be performed by the surgeon that performed the surgery. Randomisation will take place 30 minutes before wound closure in the operating theatre. Post-operatively, patients will not be evaluated by their own surgeon. The OR report will contain the following information (in Dutch) so as to ensure that blinding of the physicians will not be compromised.
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
339 (Actual)
8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions
Arm Title
conventional wound closure
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Arm Description
The skin flaps will not undergo further treatment in this group.
Arm Title
flap fixation with vicryl sutures
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
The skin flaps will be sutured on to the pectoral muscle after having performed the mastectomy.
Arm Title
Artiss tissue glue
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
ARTISS tissue glue will be applied to the skin flaps after mastectomy
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Artiss
Other Intervention Name(s)
Artiss glue
Intervention Description
Application of ARTISS Glue to skin flaps after mastectomy
Intervention Type
Procedure
Intervention Name(s)
vicryl sutures
Intervention Description
Flap fixation with vicryl sutures after mastectomy
Intervention Type
Procedure
Intervention Name(s)
Conventional
Intervention Description
Conventional closure after mastectomy
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Number of seroma aspirations
Description
Number of seroma aspirations performed post mastectomy
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Number of out patient clinic visits
Description
Number of out patient clinic visits
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
Title
Infection rate
Description
Post operative surgical site infections
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
Title
Shoulder function
Description
Shoulder function as measured by the disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH score)
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
Title
Cosmesis
Description
Subjective post operative cosmesis after mastectomy by questionnaire
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
Title
Impact on Quality of life
Description
QALY (EQ-5D)
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
Title
Cost effectiveness
Description
Cost effectiveness as assessed by a validated cost effectiveness questionnaire
Time Frame
1 year following surgery
10. Eligibility
Sex
Female
Gender Based
Yes
Gender Eligibility Description
Female
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Older than 18 years
Female sex
Indication for mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients undergoing breast conserving therapy
Patients undergoing direct breast reconstruction
Unable to comprehend implications and extent of study and sign for informed consent
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
James van Bastelaar, MD
Organizational Affiliation
Zuyderland Medisch Centrum
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Zuyderland Medisch Centrum
City
Sittard
State/Province
Limburg
ZIP/Postal Code
6162 BG
Country
Netherlands
12. IPD Sharing Statement
Plan to Share IPD
No
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
26952040
Citation
van Bastelaar J, Beckers A, Snoeijs M, Beets G, Vissers Y. Flap fixation reduces seroma in patients undergoing mastectomy: a significant implication for clinical practice. World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Mar 8;14:66. doi: 10.1186/s12957-016-0830-8.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
33078318
Citation
de Rooij L, van Kuijk SMJ, Granzier RWY, Hintzen KFH, Heymans C, Theunissen LLB, von Meyenfeldt EM, van Essen JA, van Haaren ERM, Janssen A, Vissers YLJ, Beets GL, van Bastelaar J. Reducing Seroma Formation and Its Sequelae After Mastectomy by Closure of the Dead Space: A Multi-center, Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial (SAM-Trial). Ann Surg Oncol. 2021 May;28(5):2599-2608. doi: 10.1245/s10434-020-09225-8. Epub 2020 Oct 19.
Results Reference
derived
PubMed Identifier
30119663
Citation
van Bastelaar J, Granzier R, van Roozendaal LM, Beets G, Dirksen CD, Vissers Y. A multi-center, double blind randomized controlled trial evaluating flap fixation after mastectomy using sutures or tissue glue versus conventional closure: protocol for the Seroma reduction After Mastectomy (SAM) trial. BMC Cancer. 2018 Aug 17;18(1):830. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4740-8.
Results Reference
derived
Learn more about this trial
Seroma Reduction After Mastectomy
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