The Effect of a Perinatal Health Promotion Program on the Different Levels of Gestational Hyperglycemic Women

The Effect of a Perinatal Health Promotion Program on the Different Levels of Gestational Hyperglycemic Women

The Effect of a Perinatal Health Promotion Program on the Different Levels of Gestational Hyperglycemic Women's Bio-psycho-social Features and Child Growth

Taiwan National Health Insurance system was launched in 1995 and the diagnosis and treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus were reimbursed. However, controversy regarding treatment and prevention programs for the other different levels of gestational hyperglycemia continues. Moreover, long-term follow-up studies for the impact of different levels of gestational hyperglycemia on women's perinatal consequences were not found. Thus, the purpose of the study, is to explore the effect of a perinatal health promotion program on three different levels of gestational hyperglycemic women's bio-psycho-social features and their offspring's development.

The investigators will recruit 120 women with three different levels of gestational hyperglycemia and assign them to either experimental group (a total of 60 women of gestational hyperglycemia) or control group (a total of 60 women of gestational hyperglycemia). Data will be collected at the women's six-month gestation, hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks, six months, and one year postpartum. The three-year study findings can demonstrate the consequences and risk factors for women with three different levels of gestational hyperglycemia to suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, the results can be taken as an evidence-based intervention for the perinatal health promotion program in preventing the gestational hyperglycemic women to suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus and in decreasing the impact of gestational hyperglycemia on the development of the gestational hyperglycemic women's offspring.

Regular prenatal care and perinatal health promotion program including health promotion during pregnant period, health promotion during the ritual of Tso-Yueh-Tzu, health promotion during postpartum period, newborn care

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

The newborn Apgar score in 1 and 5 minutes.The test is generally done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth and may be repeated later if the score is and remains low. Scores 7 and above are generally normal; 4 to 6, fairly low; and 3 and below are generally regarded as critically low and cause for immediate resuscitative efforts.

about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

The Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale(DMSES) measures the individual's efficacy expectations for engaging in 20 type 2 diabetes self-management activities (Bijl et al., 1999). The scale is scored according to a 1-5 point numerical scale indicating the level of efficacy expectation the respondent has for each item with higher scores indicating greater levels of self-efficacy.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

The 62-item Hung Postpartum Stress Scale (Hung PSS) is a valid and reliable tool for assessing women's postpartum stress during the 42-day postpartum period. Exploratory factor analysis indicated three components of postpartum stress: concerns about maternal role attainment, body changes and lack of social support (Hung, 2007) The Cronbach's alpha of the Hung PSS was 0.95. On a five-point Likert scale rating from 1 (not at all) - 5 (always), women rated each item on how often stress was perceived during the postpartum period. The score for postpartum stress was derived by summing all ratings, resulting in potential scores between 62-310. Higher values indicated a higher level of stress.

about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

The 18-item Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire(TDQ) is widely used to screen for depression in Taiwan. The TDQ is a culture-specific, self-administered questionnaire; its sensitivity and specificity have been measured as 0.89 and 0.92, respectively (Lee, Yang, Lai, Chiu, & Chau, 2000). Using a 4-point Likert scale (i.e., 0-3), participants indicated whether and how often they experienced each item. Total scores ranged from 0 to 54; higher scores indicated more severe depression symptoms. The values of Cronbach's α at the five time points were .82 to .90.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

We used the 12 items Chinese Health Questionnaire(CHQ) to measure perinatal women's health status (developed by Cheng (1985) and verified by Chong and Wilkinson (1989). Responses used a 4-point Likert scale (1 = not at all; 4 = most of the time). Responses of 1 or 2 were recoded as "0," responses of 3 or 4 were recoded as "1," and a total score ranging from 0 to 12 was calculated by summing the ratings (Chong & Wilkinson, 1989). The CHQ's sensitivity and specificity have been measured as 91.9% and 66.7%, respectively (Chong & Wilkinson, 1989); in this study, values of Cronbach's α ranged from .64 to .75 at the five time points.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

women's six-month gestational age, about 2 days after hospitalization for childbirth, and six weeks after childbirth, six months after childbirth, and one year after childbirth.

Inclusion Criteria:The woman who Is 20 years old or above. Has a positive test for gestational diabetes mellifluous with the 75% oral glucose tolerance test during 24~28 gestation. Has junior high or above educational level. Can speak Mandarin Chinese. Is Taiwanese residence. Plans to give a childbirth at the medical center. Exclusion Criteria:The woman who -Is immigrant.