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The Effect of Sacral Massage on Labor

Primary Purpose

Labor Pain

Status
Completed
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Turkey
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Sacral Massage
Sponsored by
Semra Çevik, phD
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Labor Pain focused on measuring anxiety, labor pain, massage, surveys and questionnaires, visual analog scale

Eligibility Criteria

19 Years - 40 Years (Adult)FemaleAccepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. 19-40-year-old primiparous pregnant women;
  2. Singleton pregnancies between 38-42 weeks;
  3. Pregnant women whose labour began spontaneously;
  4. Pregnant women with a healthy foetus;
  5. Pregnant women without any complications that may cause dystocia during labour;
  6. Pregnant women for whom analgesia and anaesthesia were not used during the first phase of labour;
  7. Pregnant women who volunteered to participate in the research and who could establish verbal communication.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies, with caesarean section indication, and
  2. Pregnant women with a chronic illness were excluded.

Sites / Locations

  • Gaziantep University

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

No Intervention

Arm Label

sacral Massage Group

Control Group

Arm Description

The massage was applied only to the pregnant women in the intervention group at every phase of labour. There was no intervention in the control group except for routine hospital applications. The steps taken in this study are discussed below. For the pregnant women included in the experimental group: In addition to providing them with routine nursing/midwifery care, the women in the experimental group were administered a massage to the sacral region under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes using the effleurage (patting) ( 15 minutes) and vibration technique ( 15 minutes) in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour. To achieve this, the patients were placed in the left lateral position in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour.

There was no intervention in the control group except for routine hospital applications. The steps taken in this study are discussed below. One-on-one interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, and the voluntary disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed. The prepared questionnaire form was applied. Routine nursing/midwifery care was applied. The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated in the active (5-7 cm) phase. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated once in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases. Birth action follow-up form and postpartum interview forms were applied

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) evaluated
The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated after the massage in the active (5-7 cm) phase.To determine state and trait anxiety levels of the participants, the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX -I) was used. The individual is required to indicate the feelings or behaviours that he/she has experienced in a specific situation according to the degree of severity by marking one of the options such as (1) Never, (2) Little, (3) Very and (4) Completely.the STAI FORM TX-I was used in the active (5-7 cm) phase in the control group and in the active (5-7 cm) phase after the massage in the experimental group to evaluate the anxiety experienced by women during labour.

Secondary Outcome Measures

The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) evaluated
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the severity of labour pain. On this scale, numbers from 0 to 10 appear on a horizontal line of 100 mm. The pain level is expressed in figures that range from 0 to 10, as follows: the absence of pain is indicated by "0", while the most severe pain is indicated by "10". In this method, it is explained to the individual that there are two endpoints and that he/she is free to mark any point that defines his/her pain.The VAS was applied to the participants in the control group once in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition phases (8-10 cm) of labour. The VAS was also applied to those in the experimental group once after the massage in each phase.

Full Information

First Posted
November 20, 2018
Last Updated
December 6, 2018
Sponsor
Semra Çevik, phD
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT03755284
Brief Title
The Effect of Sacral Massage on Labor
Official Title
The Effect Of Sacral Massage On Labour Pain and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
December 2018
Overall Recruitment Status
Completed
Study Start Date
January 25, 2016 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
October 25, 2016 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
October 25, 2016 (Actual)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor-Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Semra Çevik, phD

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Nonpharmacologic pain control methods, which are increasingly becoming widespread in coping with the labour pain, are the methods that allow women to completely relax without using any medication and direct them to perceive the pain at the lowest level. This study was conducted to determine the effect of sacral massage, on labour pain and anxiety. This study was conducted as a randomized controlled experimental study at Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic between March and October 2016. Hypotheses of the Study Massage applied to the sacral region decreases the perception of a woman's labour pain. Massage applied to the sacral region decreases the woman's levels of concern and anxiety about labour. Massage applied to the sacral region increases the woman's satisfaction with the labour
Detailed Description
Study design This was a randomized and controlled experimental study aimed to determine the effects of sacral massage on labour pain and anxiety. Setting and samples The study was performed in volunteer pregnant women who applied to xxx Training and Research Hospital, Delivery Unit, to undergo their first labour between January 25 and October 25, 2016. This unit contains 1 delivery room (with 2 tables), 2 labour follow-up rooms (with 5 beds), 1 postpartum room (with 5 beds) and 1 nursing room. According to hospital records, in all, 342 pregnant women who applied to xxx Training and Research Hospital, Delivery Unit to undergo their first labour between January 25 and October 25, 2016, constituted the population of the study. The following inclusion criteria were used to determine participation in the study: (1) 19-40-year-old primiparous pregnant women;(2) Singleton pregnancies between 38-42 weeks; (3) Pregnant women whose labour began spontaneously; (4) Pregnant women with a healthy foetus; (5) Pregnant women without any complications that may cause dystocia during labour; (6) Pregnant women for whom analgesia and anaesthesia were not used during the first phase of labour; (7) Pregnant women who volunteered to participate in the research and who could establish verbal communication. In addition, Pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies, with caesarean section indication, and Pregnant women with a chronic illness were excluded. The sample size was calculated by Medical Faculty Biostatistics Department using Minitab Program. The sample volume to represent the population was determined as minimum 30 people for each group when considering comparison results of mean scores in the study of Field., with a risk of α= 0.05, an accuracy rate of 1-α =0.95 and a power ratio of B= 0.20, 1-B= 0.80. The study was conducted with two groups, namely Massage Group (experimental), and Control Group. 30 pregnant women were included in each group; therefore, the study was conducted with a total of 60 pregnant women. The women who participated in the study were randomized randomly as control (double) and experimental (single) groups according to the single or double patient admission numbers. The women who participated in the study were randomized into either the control (double) or the experimental (single) group according to single or double patient admission numbers. Measurements In this study, the Questionnaire form, Birth action follow-up form, postpartum interview form ,Visual analogue scale (VAS) and State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) were used to collect the data. Questionnaire Form: Questions that reflect the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients (age, educational status, social security, marital status), information about pregnancy (drugs used, status of their willingness to become pregnant, gestational week, status of attending examinations, status of collecting information about labour), the methods used to cope with the pain, and open-ended questions that evaluate the previous use of massage. Birth Action Follow-Up Form: The questions that indicate the length of the first phase, the interventions performed to shorten the first phase of labour, the methods used by the patient to cope with the labour pain, the emotional behaviours of the pregnant women during labour, the length of the second phase, adjustment of the pregnant women, the presence of intervention in labour, the status of episiotomy, the total duration of labour and the baby's health. Postpartum Interview Form: Open and closed questions that indicate the pregnant women's thoughts about labour, the status of overall satisfaction with labour and how the women feel were included in this form, which was prepared by a researcher in accordance with the relevant literature. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS): The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the severity of labour pain. On this scale, numbers from 0 to 10 appear on a horizontal line of 100 mm. The pain level is expressed in figures that range from 0 to 10, as follows: the absence of pain is indicated by "0", while the most severe pain is indicated by "10". In this method, it is explained to the individual that there are two endpoints and that he/she is free to mark any point that defines his/her pain. The VAS was applied to the participants in the control group three times in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition phases (8-10 cm) of labour. The VAS was also applied to those in the experimental group two times before and after the massage in each phase. The diagnosis was made in accordance with the subjective data including the patient's verbal expression. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI FORM TX-I): To determine state and trait anxiety levels of the participants, the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX -I) was used. The individual is required to indicate the feelings or behaviours that he/she has experienced in a specific situation according to the degree of severity by marking one of the options such as (1) Never, (2) Little, (3) Very and (4) Completely. The state-trait anxiety inventory requires the individual to describe how he/she feels at a certain moment and under certain conditions by considering his/her feelings about a specific situation. While high scores indicate high anxiety levels, low scores indicate low anxiety levels. The state-trait anxiety inventory consists of 20 statements. The score obtained from the scale may vary between 20 and 80. While a high score represents a high anxiety level, a low score represents a low anxiety level. In the scoring performed in accordance with the criteria directive, 0-19 points are regarded as "none", 20-39 points are regarded as "mild anxiety", 40-59 points are regarded as "moderate anxiety", 60-79 points are regarded as "heavy anxiety" and 80 points are regarded as "severe anxiety". In our study, the STAI FORM TX-I was used in the active (5-7 cm) phase in the control group and in the active (5-7 cm) phase after the massage in the experimental group to evaluate the anxiety experienced by women during labour. Data Collection After approval and permission to conduct the study were obtained from the ethics committee, the hospital's head nurse, delivery room charge nurse/midwife and other midwives and nurses were interviewed and informed about the purpose and scope of the study. Data were collected by one of the researchers. The researcher was aware of which patients were assigned to each group. However, the researchers did not interfere in any way with the study results. When they encountered women who met the inclusion criteria of the study, the purpose of the study was explained, and written consents were received from those who agreed to participate in the study. For the women who satisfied the criteria, participation in the study was voluntary. Additionally, during the study, no women requested to withdraw and no women were excluded from the study. Routine care and treatments for the women continued during data collection. Procedure Before the research data were collected, an informative meeting regarding the purpose and scope of the study was held for the members of the healthcare team who worked in the obstetrics and gynaecology clinic of the Turkish Republic Ministry of Health Public Hospitals Administration of Turkey, at the Istanbul Province xxx Training and Research Hospital, where the study would be conducted. In addition, cooperation was provided by the members of the healthcare team. For the correct application of the massage, the researcher was trained by the physical therapist who work at hospital. The massage was applied only to the pregnant women in the intervention group at every phase of labour. There was no intervention in the control group except for routine hospital applications. The steps taken in this study are discussed below. For the pregnant women included in the experimental group: One-on-one interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, and the voluntary disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed. The prepared questionnaire form was applied. In addition to providing them with routine nursing/midwifery care, the women in the experimental group were administered a massage to the sacral region under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes using the effleurage (patting) ( 15 minutes) and vibration technique ( 15 minutes) in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour. To achieve this, the patients were placed in the left lateral position in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour. The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated after the massage in the active (5-7 cm) phase. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated once after the massage in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases. Birth action follow-up form and postpartum interview forms were applied. For the pregnant women included in the control group: One-on-one interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, and the voluntary disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed. The prepared questionnaire form was applied. Routine nursing/midwifery care was applied. The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated in the active (5-7 cm) phase. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated once in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases. Birth action follow-up form and postpartum interview forms were applied One-on-one interviews were conducted with the women in both groups, and the voluntary disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed. After the prepared questionnaire form was applied to the women in the experimental group, routine nursing/midwifery care was provided. Data analysis In the evaluation of the data, in addition to descriptive statistical methods (e.g., percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation), the chi-square test and Student's t-test were used in the comparison of the qualitative data. The results were evaluated at a significance level of p <0.05. The dependent variables of the study are the pain score averages of the pregnant women, the duration of the latent, active and transition phases of labour, and the anxiety level score. The independent variables of the study are the pregnant women's age, educational status, working status, and prenatal educational status, as well as the educational status of the husbands of the pregnant women, their willingness to become pregnant and the willingness to serve as controls before labour.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Labor Pain
Keywords
anxiety, labor pain, massage, surveys and questionnaires, visual analog scale

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
randomized and controlled experimental study
Masking
None (Open Label)
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
60 (Actual)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
sacral Massage Group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
The massage was applied only to the pregnant women in the intervention group at every phase of labour. There was no intervention in the control group except for routine hospital applications. The steps taken in this study are discussed below. For the pregnant women included in the experimental group: In addition to providing them with routine nursing/midwifery care, the women in the experimental group were administered a massage to the sacral region under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes using the effleurage (patting) ( 15 minutes) and vibration technique ( 15 minutes) in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour. To achieve this, the patients were placed in the left lateral position in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour.
Arm Title
Control Group
Arm Type
No Intervention
Arm Description
There was no intervention in the control group except for routine hospital applications. The steps taken in this study are discussed below. One-on-one interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, and the voluntary disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed. The prepared questionnaire form was applied. Routine nursing/midwifery care was applied. The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated in the active (5-7 cm) phase. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated once in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases. Birth action follow-up form and postpartum interview forms were applied
Intervention Type
Other
Intervention Name(s)
Sacral Massage
Intervention Description
● In addition to providing them with routine nursing/midwifery care, the women in the experimental group were administered a massage to the sacral region under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes using the effleurage (patting) ( 15 minutes) and vibration technique ( 15 minutes) in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour. To achieve this, the patients were placed in the left lateral position in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) evaluated
Description
The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated after the massage in the active (5-7 cm) phase.To determine state and trait anxiety levels of the participants, the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX -I) was used. The individual is required to indicate the feelings or behaviours that he/she has experienced in a specific situation according to the degree of severity by marking one of the options such as (1) Never, (2) Little, (3) Very and (4) Completely.the STAI FORM TX-I was used in the active (5-7 cm) phase in the control group and in the active (5-7 cm) phase after the massage in the experimental group to evaluate the anxiety experienced by women during labour.
Time Frame
6 hours
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) evaluated
Description
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the severity of labour pain. On this scale, numbers from 0 to 10 appear on a horizontal line of 100 mm. The pain level is expressed in figures that range from 0 to 10, as follows: the absence of pain is indicated by "0", while the most severe pain is indicated by "10". In this method, it is explained to the individual that there are two endpoints and that he/she is free to mark any point that defines his/her pain.The VAS was applied to the participants in the control group once in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition phases (8-10 cm) of labour. The VAS was also applied to those in the experimental group once after the massage in each phase.
Time Frame
6 hours

10. Eligibility

Sex
Female
Gender Based
Yes
Gender Eligibility Description
pregnant woman
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
19 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
40 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: 19-40-year-old primiparous pregnant women; Singleton pregnancies between 38-42 weeks; Pregnant women whose labour began spontaneously; Pregnant women with a healthy foetus; Pregnant women without any complications that may cause dystocia during labour; Pregnant women for whom analgesia and anaesthesia were not used during the first phase of labour; Pregnant women who volunteered to participate in the research and who could establish verbal communication. Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies, with caesarean section indication, and Pregnant women with a chronic illness were excluded.
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Semra Çevik, phD
Organizational Affiliation
University of Gaziantep
Official's Role
Study Director
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Gaziantep University
City
Gaziantep
State/Province
Şahinbey
ZIP/Postal Code
27000
Country
Turkey

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
22271239
Citation
Mortazavi SH, Khaki S, Moradi R, Heidari K, Vasegh Rahimparvar SF. Effects of massage therapy and presence of attendant on pain, anxiety and satisfaction during labor. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Jul;286(1):19-23. doi: 10.1007/s00404-012-2227-4. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
Results Reference
background
Citation
Abbaspoor, Z., Mohammadkhani, S.L. (2013). Lavender aromatherapy massages in reducing labor pain and duration of labor: A randomized controlled trial. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7(8): 426-430. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.391.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
19117644
Citation
Fenwick J, Staff L, Gamble J, Creedy DK, Bayes S. Why do women request caesarean section in a normal, healthy first pregnancy? Midwifery. 2010 Aug;26(4):394-400. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.011. Epub 2008 Dec 30.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
20479957
Citation
Field T. Pregnancy and labor massage. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;5(2):177-181. doi: 10.1586/eog.10.12.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
23663796
Citation
Silva Gallo RB, Santana LS, Jorge Ferreira CH, Marcolin AC, Polineto OB, Duarte G, Quintana SM. Massage reduced severity of pain during labour: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2013 Jun;59(2):109-16. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70163-2.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
27190898
Citation
Bolbol-Haghighi N, Masoumi SZ, Kazemi F. Effect of Massage Therapy on Duration of Labour: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Apr;10(4):QC12-5. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/17447.7688. Epub 2016 Apr 1.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
23894767
Citation
Hosseini SE, Bagheri M, Honarparvaran N. Investigating the effect of music on labor pain and progress in the active stage of first labor. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Jun;17(11):1479-87.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
23429706
Citation
Janssen P, Shroff F, Jaspar P. Massage therapy and labor outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2012;5(4):15-20. doi: 10.3822/ijtmb.v5i4.164. Epub 2012 Dec 19. Erratum In: Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2013;6(1):25.
Results Reference
result
PubMed Identifier
22419342
Citation
Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T, Alfirevic Z, Gates S, Newburn M, Jordan S, Lavender T, Neilson JP. Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;2012(3):CD009234. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2.
Results Reference
result

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The Effect of Sacral Massage on Labor

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