Health Effects of Salmon Fishmeal in Humans (FishMeal)

Diabetes contributes significantly to the burden of disease in Norway and cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality. Both lean and fatty fish are shown to have beneficial health effects. In addition to omega-3 fatty acids, fish contain potential health-promoting components such as taurine, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, selenium and more unspecified components such as bioactive peptides. With the expected growth in the aquaculture sector, more protein-rich by-products will become available. The overall aim of this project is to investigate the health beneficial effects of fish protein in the form of salmon fishmeal in a human intervention study with regard to metabolic risk markers. We will include subjects with impaired glucose tolerance to a randomized controlled parallel study. The subjects will receive capsules with fishmeal or placebo.

Microcrystalline cellulose contain no energy and is less fermented in the gut than other dietary fibers.

Glucose concentration measured before and after a standard glucose tolerance test at baseline and after 8 weeks

Blood concentration of insulin x blood concentration of glucose will be used to calculate HOMAR-IR fasting and 2 hours after an oral glucose tolerance test

Blood concentrations of i.e. triglycerides, total-, LDL- and HDL- cholesterol, free fatty acids and lipoprotein subclasses (lipidomics)

Changes in blood concentrations of markers related to lipid metabolism from baseline and after 8 weeks intervensjon

Markers related to low grade inflammation, including changes in genes expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) in circulation

Changes in blood concentrations of markers related to inflammation from baseline and after 8 weeks between groups

Changes in blood concentrations of markers related to appetite from baseline and after 8 weeks between groups

Changes in blood concentration of PBMC wholegenome transcriptome and untargeted metabolomics from baseline and after 8 weeks whithin and between groups

Changes in markers related to gut microbiota between groups from baseline and after 8 weeks intervensjon

Changes in blood concentrations of micronutrients related to fishintake between groups from baseline and after 8 weeks intervensjon

Changes in blood concentrations of amino acids between groups postprandially, and between baseline and 8 weeks of intervention

Inclusion Criteria: Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/l or Plasma glucose ≥ 6.5 mmol/l 2h after an OGTT or HbA1c ≥ 5.8 % Exclusion criteria: Diabetes (defined as p-glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l p-glucose ≥11,1 mmol/l 2h after OGTT or HbA1c ≥ 6.5 %) High fish intake (> 450 gram/week) or fish allergy Age-related elevated blood pressure (≥ 70 år: ≥ 180/110 mmHg, > 40-70: ≥ 170/100 mmHg and ≤ 40 år: ≥ 160/100 mmHg) Use of prescription medicines related to diabetes, inflammation, systemic use of corticosteroids. Non-stable use of lipid lowering drugs, thyroxine, blood pressure lowering drugs, drugs affecting appetite, dietary supplements (including n-3) High intake of protein supplements powder Pregnancy Planning pregnancy or changes in body weight

Hustad KS, Ottestad I, Olsen T, Saether T, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Salmon fish protein supplement increases serum vitamin B12 and selenium concentrations: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2022 Sep;61(6):3085-3093. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02857-4. Epub 2022 Apr 1.