Analgesic Efficacy of Ropivacaine Alone or in Combination With Adjuvants on Post-operative Analgesia Following Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery.
Postoperative Analgesia
About this trial
This is an interventional treatment trial for Postoperative Analgesia
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- ASA I to III.
- Age >18 years.
- Either sex.
- Elective Video assisted thoracotomy surgery (VATS) under general anaesthesia
Exclusion Criteria:
- ASA IV & V.
- Coagulation disorders.
- Infection at the vicinity of the surgical wound.
- Raised intracranial pressure.
- History of hypersensitivity or known allergy to any study drug.
- History of opioid addiction.
- History of seizure disorder.
- Those who are not willing to participate in the study.
- Allergy to local anesthetics.
- Duration of surgery greater than 2 hours.
Sites / Locations
- Aga Khan University HospitalRecruiting
Arms of the Study
Arm 1
Arm 2
Arm 3
Arm 4
Arm 5
Arm 6
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Placebo Comparator
Ropivacaine with Ketamine
Ropivacaine with Tramadol
Ropivacaine with Midazolam
Ropivacaine with Dexamethasone
Ropivacaine with Dexmedetomidine
Ropivacaine
Ropivacaine is a propyl analog of bupivacaine with longer duration of action with much safer cardiotoxicity profile than bupivacaine. Ropivacaine has the same analgesic effects as bupivacaine and levobupivacaine, but it is associated with a low incidence of motor block. Thus, ropivacaine appears to be an important component for local anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that possesses both central and peripheral analgesic effects. Preincisional infiltration of ketamine prolongs the time to first analgesic requirement and also decreases the total amount of analgesics used postoperatively. Patients will receive subcutaneous wound infiltration with total volume of 24 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine + 1mg/kg ketamine (8 mL per incision) (ketamine group).
Tramadol hydrochloride is a synthetic analog of codeine that acts on both opioid (weak mu receptor agonist) and nonopioid receptors (inhibits reuptake of nor-adrenaline and serotonin as well as release stored serotonin from nerve endings) which play a crucial role in pain inhibition pathway. It also blocks nerve conduction which imparts its local anesthetics like action on peripheral nerves. In one study it was found that the addition of tramadol or midazolam to caudal epidural ropivacaine prolongs the duration of analgesia without causing significant side effects. Patients will receive subcutaneous wound infiltration with total volume of 24 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine + 2mg/kg tramadol (8 mL per incision) (Tramadol group).
The analgesic effect of extradurally administered midazolam is through γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine system of spinal cord. Patients will receive subcutaneous wound infiltration with total volume of 24 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine + 50 μg/kg midazolam (8 mL per incision) (Midazolam group).
The glucocorticoid dexamethasone appears to be effective in a small number of preclinical and clinical studies and found that dexamethasone prolongs analgesia from interscalene blocks using ropivacaine or bupivacaine, with the effect being stronger with ropivacaine. Patients will receive subcutaneous wound infiltration with total volume of 24 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine+ 8mg dexamethasone (8 mL per incision) (Dexamethasone group).
Dexmedetomidine is a new highly selective alpha2 (a2) agonist with known sedative, antihypertensive, anxiolytic, and analgesic properties. In one study, it was found that wound infiltration with combined ropivacaine and dexmedetomidine found to be significantly superior for postoperative analgesia compared with either combined ropivacaine and tramadol or ropivacaine alone for lumbar discectomies. Patients will receive subcutaneous wound infiltration with total volume of 24 mL of 0.25% Ropivacaine + 0.5μg/kgdexmedetomidine (8mL per incision) (Dexmedetomidine group).
Ropivacaine is a propyl analog of bupivacaine with longer duration of action with much safer cardiotoxicity profile than bupivacaine. Ropivacaine has the same analgesic effects as bupivacaine and levobupivacaine, but it is associated with a low incidence of motor block. Thus, ropivacaine appears to be an important component for local anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Patients will receive subcutaneous wound infiltration with 24ml of 0.25% Ropivacaine in three divided doses (i.e. 8 mL per incision) (control group). Total dose of Ropivacaine will be 60 mg.