Effects of Salmon Fishmeal Ex Vivo (FishMeal Ex Vivo)

Diabetes contributes significantly to the burden of disease in Norway and cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality. Both lean and fatty fish are shown to have beneficial health effects. In addition to omega-3 fatty acids, fish contain potential health-promoting components such as taurine, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, selenium and more unspecified components such as bioactive peptides. With the expected growth in the aquaculture sector, more protein-rich by-products will become available. The overall aim of this project is to investigate physiological and molecular effects of fish protein in the form of salmon fishmeal compared to whey in a human intervention study with regard to carbohydrate- and fat metabolism, endocrine factors and inflammation. The investigators will include healthy subjects to a randomized controlled cross over study. The subjects will receive a single, oral dose of fishmeal or whey. Blood samples are taken before (fasting) and 30 and 60 minutes after intake. The molecular effects of fishmeal and whey are investigated ex vivo. This is done by incubating human cell lines (i.e hepatocytes, adipocytes, epithelial cells) with fasting and postprandial serum from the participants.

Changes in the whole genome transciptome of cultured cells incubated with fasting and postprandial serum from participants receiving whey or fishmeal.

Changes in histone marks on selected target genes in cultured cells incubated with fasting or postprandial serum from participants receiving whey or fishmeal.

Changes in insulin sensitivity measured as insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of cultured cells incubated with fasting and postprandial serum from participants receiving whey or fishmeal.

Changes in inflammatory and endocrine factors measured as the secretion of single cytokines from cultured cells incubated with fasting and postprandial serum from participants receiving whey or fishmeal. The choice of factors will be guided by the results from the primary endpoint.

Blood concentration of the appetite hormones, i.e. GLP-1, Leptin and GIP in participants receiving whey or fishmeal.

Inclusion Criteria: Body mass index 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria: Body mass index <18.5 or >24.9 kg/m2 Known diabetes or high blood pressure Pregnancy or breast feeding Allergy or intolerance to dairy or fish/fish protein.