ARomatherapy for Cognitive Trajectory in Chinese After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (ARCTIC-CABG)

ARomatherapy for Cognitive Trajectory in Chinese After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (ARCTIC-CABG): a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

The ARCTIC-CABG (Aromatherapy for Cognitive Trajectory in Chinese after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) trial is a randomized, double-blind, 2-arm, parallel group, placebo-controlled study to evaluated the effects of Aromatherapy in improving cognitive function in post-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) patients. The study will recruit 460 patients who undergo a first-time CABG at the Department of Cardiac Surgery in Beijing Anzhen Hospital. Baseline information will be collected prior to CABG, all eligible participants undergoing CABG will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio before hospital discharge to receive aromatherapy (70% menthol and 30% propanediol) or placebo (10% menthol and 90% propanediol). The treatment will last for 6 months in both groups. Cognitive function measurement will be conducted by blinded assessors at baseline (1-3 days before CABG) and at 3- and 6-month after CABG. The primary outcome will be the change in overall cognitive function (MOCA score) from baseline to 6-month after CABG.

The ARCTIC-CABG trial has two objectives: The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of aromatherapy (70% menthol and 30% propanediol) in improving cognitive functions in Chinese post-CABG patients. The secondary objective is to evaluate the safety of aromatherapy. We hypothesize that the aromatherapy will result in improved 6-month cognitive functions compared to the placebo (10% menthol and 90% propanediol) among patients accepted a first-time CABG. Patient recruitment: The study will be conducted at Beijing Anzhen Hospital. All eligible patients plan to undergo their first-time CABG will be screened for eligibility, written informed consent need to be provided. For patients who meet all inclusion and exclusion criteria, baseline assessment will be carried out 1 to 3 days prior to the CABG. Randomization and allocation concealment: Randomization will be conducted after CABG and before hospital discharge. To ensure concealment of the treatment allocation, randomization will be performed by a web-based IT system. All eligible participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive aromatherapy (70% menthol and 30% propanediol) or placebo (10% menthol and 90% propanediol). Each Sniffin' stick of aromatherapy or placebo will be labeled according to the pre-determined random code by an independent agency that does not involve any persons associated with the trial. Masking: Participants, investigators, physicians, and outcomes assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation. The sticks of aromatherapy and placebo are the same, and the smell of them is similar. Interventions: Intervention will last for 6 months. All participants will receive the standard inhalation method training before hospital discharge. For both arms, the aromatherapy/placebo will be given twice daily (morning and evening), each time training for 4 times with deep inhalation for 10 seconds. Supervisory management will be carried out through WeChat app, each day all participants will receive reminders via WeChat through the "group assistant". By the end of the intervention, we will collect all the rest of the medications (aromatherapy/placebo) and the total amount of the rest medication will be assessed to evaluate patients' adherence. Measurement Baseline measurement including the following aspects: Laboratory data including: myocardial enzyme, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, high-density cholesterol, triglyceride, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, creatinine, uric acid, liver function indicators, etc. Genetic testing: APOE genotype. Physical examination: height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate. Clinical data including: left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure classification, GRACE score, shock, thrombolytic therapy, myocardial infarction classification, type of MI (ST elevation or non-ST elevation), vascular stenosis, coronary artery calcification score, etc. Assessment of olfactory function: collection of prior history of dysosmia or using Sniffin' Sticks test to assess olfactory function. Assessment of cognitive function: The Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) will be used, which is translated from the original English version and has been reviewed and authorized by the author of the original edition (Dr. Ziad Nasreddine). The Chinese version of MoCA has been verified in the elderly population in China, with good reliability and validity in screening for MCI and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we will use internationally recognized scales to evaluate memory, executive function and orientation. All researchers involved in the cognitive function assessment are from the clinical research institute of Peking University, independent of the study sponsor. All cognitive assessors have received MoCA training and obtained official certification. Assessment of depression symptom: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) will be used to measure depression symptoms severity. Surgery information: methods of anesthesia, anesthetic drugs and dosage, duration of CABG, duration of extracorporeal circulation, time to aortic occlusion, number of proximal anastomosis, number of distal anastomosis, etc. Other information: length of stay in ICU, length of stay in general ward, discharge medications. Follow-up Assessment： All participants will be invited back to hospital twice at 3- and 6- month after CABG. Cognitive functions will be assessed by the same assessors using the same methods as baseline. Adverse events: During the 6-month follow-up period will be recorded, which are defined as any of the unexpected signs (such as abnormal lab values), symptoms, or diseases, whether or not associated with aromatherapy. Study-related adverse reactions including 1) respiratory allergy and 2) sneeze. Severe adverse events (SAE) during follow-up are defined as any of the following:1) all-cause mortality, 2) hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, 3) re-myocardial infarction and 4) stroke. Sample Size Calculation: The total number of subjects required for this study is 230:230 patients per group. This number was determined on the basis of the following hypotheses, with reference obtained from the FINGER trial (Lancet 2015;385:2255-2263), Gerriets et.al (European Heart Journal 2010;31:360-368) and other related observational studies. A decrease of 0.4 Z-score with a standard deviation of 0.5 at 6-month post-CABG in the control group Intervention of aromatherapy will reduce the overall cognitive decline by 40%, that is a decrease of 0.24 Z-score at 6-month post-CABG in the intervention group. α risk of 5% and β risk of 10% the maximum lost to follow-up rate:10% Statistical Analysis: The principal analysis will be a modified intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis on patients with at least one follow-up included in the study. The primary and continuous secondary outcomes are repeated measures, and linear mixed models will be used for analysis. All continuous outcomes will be standardized according to the mean and standard deviation of their baseline values, and z-score of each variable will be obtained. Modified Poisson regression analysis will be used for binary secondary outcomes. Sensitivity analyses include: 1) ITT analysis including all participants, with missing data being imputed by using multiple imputation method. 2) Only include patients with both follow-up measurements. 3) For the primary outcome, we will also test if the intervention effect is modified by baseline characteristics. Statistical analyses will be carried out using the SAS Enterprise Guide 7.13 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC)

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Aromatherapy, Cognitive Function, Randomized Controlled Trial, Myocardial Infarction

Randomized (two arms), double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention is proposed in this study. 460 participants undergoing CABG for the first time are anticipated to be enrolled from the Beijing Anzhen Hospital. Before hospital discharge, participants will be randomly assigned to receive aromatherapy (70% menthol and 30% propanediol) or placebo (10% menthol and 90% propanediol) after CABG for 6 months.

Participants, investigators, physicians, and outcomes assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation. The sticks of aromatherapy and placebo are the same, and the smell of them is similar. In order to achieve allocation concealment, a web-based central system will automatically assign a random code for each participant. Each stick of aromatherapy or placebo will be labeled according to the pre-determined random code by an independent agency that does not involve any persons associated with the trial.

Free aromatherapy (70% menthol and 30% propanediol) will be provided for 6 months. All participants will receive the standard inhalation method training before hospital discharge. The aromatherapy will be given twice daily, one treatment in the morning and one in the evening. At each treatment, 4 deep steady inhalations will be performed, and 10 seconds per inhalation is optimal.

Free placebo (10% menthol and 90% propanediol) will be provided for 6 months. The specific method is the same as aromatherapy.

Free aromatherapy (70% menthol and 30% propanediol) will be provided for 6 months. All participants will receive the standard inhalation method training before hospital discharge. The aromatherapy will be given twice daily, one treatment in the morning and one in the evening. At each treatment, 4 deep steady inhalations will be performed, and 10 seconds per inhalation is optimal.

Free placebo (10% menthol and 90% propanediol) will be provided for 6 months. The specific method is the same as aromatherapy.

Changes in the overall cognitive function in the Aromatherapy group versus changes in the overall cognitive function in the placebo group. MOCA (MOCA-Montreal Cognitive Assessment) will be used to measure the overall cognitive function.

Changes in the overall cognitive function in the Aromatherapy group versus changes in the overall cognitive function in the placebo group. MOCA (MOCA-Montreal Cognitive Assessment) will be used to measure the overall cognitive function

Changes in the memory function in the Aromatherapy group versus changes in the memory function in the placebo group. The test of Word-List Immediate and Delayed Recall will be used to access the memory.

Changes in the executive function of semantic fluency in the Aromatherapy group versus changes in the executive function in the placebo group. Animal Fluency Test will be used to access participants' semantic fluency.

Changes in the executive function of visual attention in the Aromatherapy group versus changes in the executive function in the placebo group. Chinese version of Trails Making Test will be used to access patients' visual attention.

Changes in the orientation function in the Aromatherapy group versus changes in the orientation function in the placebo group. MoCA Orientation function test will be used to access the orientation function.

The proportion of patients with mild cognitive impairment in the Aromatherapy group versus the proportion of patients with mild cognitive impairment in the placebo group. Mild cognitive impairment is measured by using different cut-off points for cognitive function scores in the Chinese version of MOCA. For participants with low, secondary, and high education levels, mild cognitive impairment is defined as having an overall cognitive function score <19, <22, and <24 respectively. Low education level, secondary education level and high education level are defined as the number of years of education ≤6 years, 7-12 years and > 12 years respectively.

Inclusion Criteria: Men and women aged between 50 and 75 years old. Undergoing CABG for the first time. Willing to come to hospital at 3- and 6- month after CABG. Signed informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: Emergency patients. Prior history of cardiac surgery other than CABG. Prior history of heart failure. Prior history of atrial fibrillation. Prior history of allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma and COPD. Deafness, mental illness including severe depression, and inability to communicate properly. Prior history of stroke. Prior history of brain tumor, traumatic brain injury, or other brain surgery. Relatives of researcher or management personnel. Family members been enrolled in the study. Known mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia identified by cognitive function assessment before CABG. Prior history of smell disorder or decreased/loss of olfactory functions assessed by the Sniffin' Sticks test.

Newman MF, Kirchner JL, Phillips-Bute B, Gaver V, Grocott H, Jones RH, Mark DB, Reves JG, Blumenthal JA; Neurological Outcome Research Group and the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 8;344(6):395-402. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200102083440601. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 2001 Jun 14;344(24):1876.