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The Interplay Between Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Sleep Quality Among Healthy Adults

Primary Purpose

Tobacco Dependence

Status
Unknown status
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Israel
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Smoking cessation
Sponsored by
The Max Stern Academic College Of Emek Yezreel
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional basic science trial for Tobacco Dependence focused on measuring Sleep, Tobacco Smoking, Smoking cessation

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 30 Years (Adult)All SexesAccepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

For the smokers group:

  • At least 10 cigarettes a day on average, for the preceding 2 years
  • Meeting the criteria for tobacco use disorder laid out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

For the nonsmokers group:

• Not having smoked more than 5 cigarettes in their lifetime and not at all in the preceding 2 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of mental illness or substance abuse.
  • Working on night shifts.
  • Pregnancy
  • Clinical diagnosis of a sever lung disease, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • Clinical diagnosis of a severe sleeping disorder, such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy and hypersomnia

Sites / Locations

  • The Max Stern Academic College of Emek YezreelRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm 3

Arm Type

No Intervention

Experimental

No Intervention

Arm Label

None smokers

Smoking Cessation

Active smokers

Arm Description

50 participants who are non-smokers

50 smokers who quit smoking

50 smokers who continue smoking

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Change from Baseline Objective Sleep Quality at 6 months
Actigraphy
Change from Baseline Sleep Structure at 6 months
Polysomnography (PSG)
Change from Baseline Subjective Sleep Quality at 6 months
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).The questionnaire consists of 19 individual items, generating seven "component" scores: sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The component scores are added to yield one "global" score, with a range of 0-21 points, with higher scores indicating more severe sleep difficulties.
Change from Baseline Tobacco Smoking Dependence at 6 months
Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS).The questionnaire includes nine items, each describing a specific nicotine withdrawal symptom. Participants indicate the degree of severity with which they experienced each symptom in the preceding 24 hours on a 5-point scale (0-4). The items are averaged for a single severity score (0-4), with a higher score indicating a more severe level of dependence.
Change from Baseline Tobacco Smoking urge at 6 months
Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU). consists of 10 items, each a statement referring to the amount of craving for a cigarette at a given point in time. Participants indicate the level of their agreement with each statement on a 7-point Likert scale (1-7). The final score is the sum of all responses (range:10-70), with a higher score indicating a stronger urge to smoke.
Change from Baseline Depressive Symptoms at 6 months
Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Includes 21 items, each consisting of four statements representing increasing levels of severity of a particular depressive symptom. Participants specify which statement best describes their feeling in the preceding week. The scores are added for a final score (0-63), . with a higher score indicating a more severe state of depression.
Change from Baseline State Anxiety at 6 months
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).The portion of the questionnaire that assesses state anxiety includes 20 items, each a statement relating to the participant's sense of anxiety at that point in time. Participants indicate agreement with each statement on a 4-point scale (1-4). The scores are added for a final score (20-80), with a higher score indicating a more severe state of anxiety.
Change from Baseline Biological Markers of Stress and Tobacco Smoking at 6 months
Salivary levels of cortisol, α-amylase, and cotinine
Change from Baseline Exhaled Carbon Monoxide at 6 months
Carbon monoxide (CO) exhalation level
Change from Baseline Cognitive Functioning at 6 months
Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB)
Change from Baseline Pulmonary Function as measured by spirometry (the volume and speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled) at 6 months
The parameters measured in spirometry are Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV), Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF), and Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Full Information

First Posted
February 5, 2020
Last Updated
February 9, 2020
Sponsor
The Max Stern Academic College Of Emek Yezreel
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT04265339
Brief Title
The Interplay Between Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Sleep Quality Among Healthy Adults
Official Title
The Interplay Between Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Sleep Quality Among Healthy Adults
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
February 2020
Overall Recruitment Status
Unknown status
Study Start Date
October 15, 2018 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
April 15, 2022 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
October 15, 2022 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
The Max Stern Academic College Of Emek Yezreel

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Tobacco smoking is a major health problem, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality due to cancer, impaired pulmonary function, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic nicotine consumption related to smoking may affect pulmonary function and can cause neuronal alterations leading to increased emotional distress and decreased cognitive functioning, especially when the smoker attempts to quit. These may explain the huge difficulty in quitting and the dependence on cigarettes as a means of maintaining emotional balance. The possibility that reduced sleep quality is a major negative outcome that contributes to nicotine addiction has been largely overlooked. Several studies have shown that smoking and smoking cessation disrupt sleep quality; however, the vast majority of these studies were based on subjective reports. Moreover, it is not clear to what degree disrupted sleep quality among smokers may be related to reduced pulmonary function, and to what degree reduced sleep quality contributes to the emotional cognitive distress of active and abstinent smokers and to their urge to smoke. The main hypothesis of this proposal is that smoking and early phases of smoking cessation will be associated with reduced sleep quality. This poor sleep quality will be associated with emotional and cognitive symptoms and difficulty in abstaining from tobacco smoking. Successful abstinence from smoking over time will lead to normalization of the quality of sleep. Experiments to investigate this hypothesis will be conducted on healthy young adults addressing the following specific aims: 1) To examine physiological and psychological factors predicting reduced quality of sleep among smokers, including: poor pulmonary function, the degree of nicotine dependence, altered regulation of stress systems (HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system), and emotional distress (anxiety and depression); 2) To explore the impact of smoking cessation on sleep quality and related symptoms. Specifically, whether smoking cessation induces fragmented sleep and poor sleep quality, and whether the diminished sleep quality can predict the magnitude of emotional and cognitive symptoms; 3) To examine whether poor sleep (before and during abstinence) can predict the level of the urge to smoke and smoking relapse among abstinent smokers; 4) To explore whether sleep quality ultimately improves following prolonged abstinence from smoking. Addressing these aims, nonsmokers and smokers will be examined before and during smoking abstinence on the following measures: quality of sleep via actigraphy and polysomnography (PSG), pulmonary function test, biological markers of stress (cortisol and α-amylase) and smoking (i.e., cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine), and emotional and cognitive functioning via psychometric tests. Results of this study will provide novel insight on the role of sleep in nicotine addiction. Experiments will show how reduced quality of sleep may result from chronic smoking and interfere with attempts to quit smoking. Also, the experiment will shed light on the interrelated physiological and psychological mechanisms that mediate the interplay between smoking addiction and sleep. The research will utilize a variety of powerful methods and an interdisciplinary collaboration of experts in the fields of sleep, addiction, and pulmonary medicine. It is anticipated that the results will contribute substantially to our knowledge of smoking addiction and may promote the development of effective therapeutic interventions to this major public health problem.
Detailed Description
Scientific background Tobacco smoking is a major health problem, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality due to cancer, pulmonary illnesses, and cardiovascular diseases (Taghizadeh, Vonk & Boezen, 2016). The main psychoactive and addictive substance in tobacco is nicotine (Zaparoli & Galduroz, 2012). Nicotine addiction is a complex phenomenon that involves both physical and psychological dependence (Cohrs et al., 2014), which causes not only difficulty in quitting but also a strong tendency to return to smoking after having quit for a long time) Zaniewska, Przegalinski & Fillip, 2009). A common theoretical model of addiction (Koob & Volkow, 2016) holds that the transition from occasional smoking to addiction involves an upregulation of neurobiological stress systems. Consequently, even a brief period of abstinence from smoking, leading to reduced concentration of nicotine in the body, induces both emotional withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, restlessness, irritability, anhedonia) and cognitive withdrawal symptoms (diminished memory and attention) that may in turn produce a compulsive urge to smoke again, in order to ease the unpleasant sensations (Koob & Volkow, 2016). Although some studies suggest reduced quality of sleep is also among the consequences of smoking and smoking cessation (Cohrs et al., 2014; Colrain, Trinder & Swan, 2004) this issue was not fully explored, and the contribution of the reduced quality of sleep to negative emotional situations and to the motivation to smoke is unclear. Smoking and sleep. Smokers report more sleep disturbances such as insomnia (i.e., a variety of complaints reflecting dissatisfaction with the ability to initiate and maintain sleep, along with a significant reduction in total sleep time followed by daytime sleepiness) (Kaneita et al., 2005; Phillips & Danner, 1995), and a correlation was found between the level of addiction to cigarettes and reduced quality of sleep (Palmer, Harrison & Hiorns, 1980; Patten et al., 2000). A deleterious effect of smoking on the quality of sleep could partially result from disturbed pulmonary function (Simon-Tuval et al., 2011). Indeed, heavy smokers are at high risk for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (Tarasiuk et al., 2006), which causes disturbed sleep leading to reduced quality of life (Scharf et al., 2011; Won & Kryger, 2014). Moreover, even in young, seemingly healthy, moderate smokers there is a clear reduction in pulmonary function, and a negative correlation was found in healthy adults between pulmonary functioning and sleep quality (Phillips et al., 1989). However, this factor could not solely explain the relationship between smoking and quality of sleep, as studies have shown an increased number of awakenings in the course of the night during early phases of smoking cessation (Hatsukami, Hughes & Pickens, 1985; Hatsukami et al., 1988). The reliability of subjective sleep measures is not unequivocal and needs support from objective measurements (Pillar, Malhotra & Lavie, 2000). To date, only a handful of studies compared the sleep architecture of active and quitting smokers to that of nonsmokers using polysomnographic (PSG) tests (consisting of brain wave, muscle tension, eye movement, and other measurements). These studies confirmed the deleterious effects of smoking and smoking cessation on the quality of sleep. Zhang and colleagues (2006) found that compared to nonsmokers, the sleep of smokers was characterized by shorter duration, longer time to reach (rapid eye movement) REM sleep, longer time spent in light sleep (stage 1), less time spent in deep sleep (stages 3 and 4, slow-wave sleep-SWS), and lower sleep efficiency (percentage of actual sleep time of the total time spent in bed). Similarly, sleep duration among smokers was shorter than among nonsmokers (Jaehne et al., 2012). Likewise, PSG tests conducted on individuals undertaking smoking cessation demonstrated increases in the number of awakenings at night (Prosise et al., 1994), shortening of REM latency, shortening of SWS sleep duration, and extension of the phases of light sleep (stages 1 and 2) (Moreno-Coutiño, Calderón-Ezquerro & Drucker-Colín, 2007; Wetter et al., 2000), all indications of reduced quality of sleep. Yet, these PSG studies also had limitations as they were usually conducted on a small number of patients on a single night, under the artificial conditions of sleep laboratories. Quality of sleep, stress, and addiction to smoking. It is well accepted that sleep plays a vital role in health as well as behavioral and emotional stability (Scharf et al., 2010; Tarasiuk et al., 2005). Those who suffer from poor sleep quality exhibit higher rates of psychological stress, depression, and various anxiety symptoms than the general population (Fernández-Mendoza et al., 2009; Ohayon, 2005). The tendency toward poor sleep quality among smokers and quitters, and the correlation between proper sleep and behavioral and emotional stability raise the hypothesis that the impairment in sleep quality among smokers and quitters affects their psychological functioning and their smoking behavior. The few studies that investigated this issue demonstrated that abstaining from cigarette smoking for 48 hours increased the subsequent rate of smoking (Hamidovic& de Wit, 2009), and that sleep disruptions during withdrawal have a negative effect on the success of smoking cessation (Jaehne et al., 2009; Persico, 1992). These findings seem to integrate well into the aforementioned theoretical model, which holds that exposure to nicotine leads to the development of aversive psychological symptoms when the bodily nicotine concentration drops, which leads to a compulsive urge to smoke to alleviate these unpleasant sensations (Cohen & George, 2013). A variety of findings suggest that these aversive psychological symptoms are due to an increase in the activity of neurobiological systems that regulate stress responses (Cohen & George, 2013). Stress responses are regulated by two key neuroendocrinological systems: the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical) axis. The sympathetic system is responsible for increasing the level of arousal in situations of danger and acute stress. It involves mainly the secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal gland. Studies indicate that level of the α-amylase enzyme in the saliva is an indirect but reliable measure of sympathetic activity (Rohleder et al., 1994). It has been demonstrated that the α-amylase levels before and after smoking cessation predicted the measure of success in persisting with abstinence from smoking over time (Duskova et al., 2010). The HPA system regulates physiological reactions related to coping with ongoing stressors. Specifically, it induces secretion of the Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH) from the paraventricular nucleus, located in the hypothalamus, to the anterior pituitary gland, which in response secretes the AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal gland (Ma et al., 2011). Cortisol levels in the body generally rise sharply in response to stressors, but in people who are in chronic stress situations, regulation of the HPA system may be disrupted, which is manifested by reduced secretion of cortisol both in the basal situation and in response to stress (Miller, Chen & Zhou, 2007). This sub-regulation may reflect difficulty in coping with stress (Miller, Chen & Zhou, 2007): low levels of cortisol are associated with an increased level of depression (Moraes et al., 2016), aggression (Granger, 1998), and impulsiveness (Blomqvist et al., 2007). Note that while acute exposure to nicotine increases levels of cortisol temporarily (Newhouse et al., 1990; Winternitz & Quillen, 1977), secretion of cortisol in chronic smokers in response to stress is reduced relative to that of nonsmokers (Kirschbaum, Strasburger & Langkrär, 1993; Rohleder & Kirschbaum, 2006). Moreover, studies indicate a decrease in cortisol levels during smoking cessation (Steptoe & Ussher, 2006; Targovnik,1989), which correlates with the intensity of the somatic and emotional withdrawal symptoms and with the level of the urge to smoke (Cohen, al'Absi & Collins, 2004; Targovnik,1989); it also correlates with the level of success in persisting with smoking cessation over time (al'Absi et al.,2004; Frederick et al., 1998). This may be due to the development of sub-regulation by the HPA system, similarly to the situation of those suffering from chronic stress (Richardson et al., 2008), which in turn leads to the sensitization of the mechanisms of stress in the brain, such as increasing the activity of CRH in the limbic system (Vendruscolo et al., 2012). The literature partially supports the possibility that an increase in the activity of neurobiological stress mechanisms (due to chronic exposure to nicotine) contributes to disruption of the quality of sleep. For example, increased sympathetic activity during the day, as reflected in high levels of α-amylase, is highly correlated with insomnia (Nater et al., 2007). However, various studies that have examined the relationship between different measures of cortisol secretion throughout the day and night, and various indices of sleep, produced conflicting results (Elder et al., 2014). Recent studies indicate that cortisol is produced at a higher rate during REM sleep; therefore, prolonged sleep, which includes longer REM sleep, produces higher cortisol levels (Van Lenten & Doane, 2016). Note that whereas an increase in the levels of stress may disrupt sleep, poor sleep quality may in itself cause stress (Fernández-Mendoza et al., 2009; Ohayon, 2005). In sum, several studies suggest that smoking and, even more so smoking cessation, disrupt sleep, and that the reduced quality of sleep may contribute to the motivation to smoke and reduce the prospects for quitting. However, the number of these studies is relatively small, and many of them are based on subjective reports, whose reliability is not unequivocal. The minority of studies that used objective measurements usually tested a small number of participants, under the artificial conditions of the sleep laboratory. Notably, the quality of sleep can be measured objectively and reliably for extended periods of time in the participants' natural environment using an actigraph device that is worn on the wrist and analyzes movement (Ancoli-Israel et al., 2015; Sadeh et al., 1989). However, actigraphy has not been used thus far for assessing the sleep quality of smokers. Moreover, to date there has been no systematic study of the complex relations between sleep, pulmonary function, stress systems functioning, and smoking as they relate to the development and persistence of tobacco smoking addiction. We hypothesize that chronic tobacco smoking impairs sleep quality, which in turn enhances the activity of stress mechanisms, and thus induces negative emotional states. The processes that harm sleep quality and the processes that increase responsiveness to stress and negative emotional symptoms thus reciprocally nourish each other and ultimately increase the urge to smoke as a means for stress relief. Our preliminary findings support this hypothesis by demonstrating that active smokers suffer from diminished quality of sleep (assessed by actigraphy and questionnaires), compared to nonsmokers, an effect that was correlated with markers of stress activation, namely levels of cortisol and α-amylase in the participants' saliva. Research objectives and expected significance Our research will explore the role of sleep disturbances in tobacco smoking addiction. Based on our preliminary findings and the available literature, the main hypothesis of this proposal is that smoking, and to a greater degree early phases of smoking cessation, will be associated with reduced quality of sleep. The reduced quality of sleep will, in turn, predict the severity of negative symptoms and the extent of difficulty in abstaining from smoking. Successful abstinence from smoking will lead to normalization of sleep. Experiments to investigate this hypothesis will address the following specific aims: To examine physiological and psychological factors predicting reduced quality of sleep among smokers. The goal is to explore the deleterious effects of smoking on sleep quality and to explore whether the reduced sleep quality is predicted by the following factors: poor pulmonary function (FEV1, FEF), degree of nicotine dependence, emotional symptoms (anxiety and depression), and altered regulation of stress systems (HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system). We expect that, compared to nonsmokers, smokers will exhibit poorer sleep quality. The level of disruption to the quality of sleep will be related to the intensity of nicotine dependence, poor pulmonary functioning, the levels of negative emotionality, sympathetic activation, and deregulation of HPA axis. To explore the impact of smoking cessation on sleep quality and related symptoms. We will examine whether smokers who try to quit experience a worsening sleep quality, and whether this poor sleep quality can predict the magnitude of their stress response (level of cortisol and α-amylase) and the severity of emotional and cognitive symptoms as measured by the psychometric tests. To explore the role of sleep quality on smoking motivation and relapse to smoking. Experiments will determine whether sleep can predict the urge to smoke (in current smokers) and the likelihood of abstinent smokers to relapse. To explore whether prolonged abstinence from nicotine improves sleep quality. The aim here is to examine whether smoking cessation ultimately induces normalization of sleep and related factors, including pulmonary functioning, stress response (level of cortisol and α-amylase), and emotional and cognitive functioning. Smoking abstinence will be verified by measurement of cotinine in the participant's saliva. Expected Significance. Experiments will show how reduced quality of sleep may result from chronic smoking and interfere with attempts to quit smoking. This study will shed light on the interrelated physiological and psychological mechanisms that mediate the interplay between smoking addiction and sleep, including psychological distress, dysfunctional stress mechanisms, and reduced pulmonary functioning. The proposed study will utilize a variety of powerful methods and an interdisciplinary collaboration of experts in the fields of sleep, addiction, and respiratory medicine to explore the interplay of sleep and tobacco smoking. Results of this study will provide novel insight on the role of sleep in nicotine addiction. Findings of the proposed research are expected to promote the use of sleep quality enhancement techniques in smoking cessation interventions. Methodology Participants. Participating in the study will be 150 healthy volunteers, men and women, aged 18-30, with no history of mental illness or drug abuse. The number of participants was established by power analysis, based on our preliminary results, with addition of 20% to compensate for possible drop-outs during the study. Fifty participants will be nonsmokers, and the rest regular smokers . Half of the smokers will be with a stated interest in quitting and half with no such interest (non-quitting control). Participants will receive a compensation fee of 400 NIS (roughly 100 US dollars). All procedures used in this study have been approved by Yezreel Valley College (YVC) Institutional Review Board. Research procedure. Participants will be recruited from the student body of the college and, via advertisement, from the surrounding communities. All study sessions will start between 7:00 AM and 9:00 AM (up to 30 minutes following awakening) either at the YVC Psychobiology Laboratory or in the participant's home. The study will include 3 groups (N=50): smokers attempting to quit (smoking cessation group, SCG), nonsmokers group (NSG), and a group of smokers not attempting to quit (SNCG). The latter group is needed in order to assure that changes in certain measures following smoking cessation are not due to time-related events that are not related to abstinence from tobacco. The study design includes 4 stages: A) Baseline. B) First week of nicotine cessation. C +D) Follow up tests three months and six months following the initiation of smoking cessation. Note that although the 2 control groups (i.e., the nonsmokers group (NSG) and the group of smokers not attempting to quit (SNCG)) will not undergo smoking cessation, they will be evaluated with the same tests and at the same time points as the smoking cessation group. Baseline Phase: At the first session, all the participants will be asked to sign a consent form and provide background information. After assessing their smoking status by checking the level of carbon monoxide (CO) in their breath, they will be asked to give a saliva sample (to test the levels of cortisol and α-amylase) by spitting into a test tube (1.5 mL minimum). To further validate the participants' smoking status, the saliva samples will also be used to detect the levels of cotinine, the primary metabolite of nicotine. Participants will be asked to complete a broad spectrum of questionnaires, evaluating their level of anxiety, depression, quality of sleep, and smoking dependence (questionnaires are described in detail below), as well as completing the Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB), a computerized neurocognitive test designed to assess a large range of cognitive skills related to executive functions. In addition, their pulmonary functioning will be assessed via spirometry. Finally, participants' sleep will be continuously monitored over a 1-week period by a miniature wrist-worn actigraph, and will be recorded during the last two nights of this week by PSG. Smoking cessation phase: At the end of the baseline week, participants of the smoking cessation study group will begin abstaining from smoking, while participants on the 2 control groups (i.e., the nonsmokers group (NSG) and the group of smokers not attempting to quit (SNCG) will carry on with their regular routine. In the morning of the first day of smoking cessation, all participants will provide saliva samples and complete the same set of questionnaires as in the baseline phase. All participants will then be asked to wear the actigraphy device during the second week as well, and to return to the lab for additional sessions after 48 hours, 72 hours, 5 days, and one week (altogether four times). At each of these sessions, the smoking status of the participants will be assessed by means of the exhalation test, and participants will again be asked to provide a saliva sample, and complete the same set of questionnaires. On the last two nights of this week, participants' sleep will also be recorded by PSG. On the morning of day 7 of abstinence, all participants will also complete (again) the CAB neurocognitive test. Follow up phase: Will be conducted on all participants three months and six months into the smoking cessation process of the smoking abstinence group. At each of these time points, all participants will be summoned for an additional data collection session in which it will be determined who of the smoking abstinence participants relapsed back to smoking. In addition, all participants will again be asked to complete the set of questionnaires and the CAB neurocognitive test. The pulmonary functioning of the participants will again be measured by spirometry and they will be asked to wear the actigraph device for one week. In addition, their sleep will be recorded for two consecutive nights by PSG. Saliva samples collected during the study will destroyed following their ELISA analysis. All participants will be assured of confidentiality and anonymity, and all staff involved in the study will maintain the confidentiality of the study. All material collected will be kept locked in a designated cabinet.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Tobacco Dependence
Keywords
Sleep, Tobacco Smoking, Smoking cessation

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Basic Science
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
Three study groups: Smokers, non-smokers and smoking cessation group.
Masking
Outcomes Assessor
Masking Description
The data analysis will be conducted without knowledge of the group assignment
Allocation
Non-Randomized
Enrollment
150 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
None smokers
Arm Type
No Intervention
Arm Description
50 participants who are non-smokers
Arm Title
Smoking Cessation
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
50 smokers who quit smoking
Arm Title
Active smokers
Arm Type
No Intervention
Arm Description
50 smokers who continue smoking
Intervention Type
Other
Intervention Name(s)
Smoking cessation
Intervention Description
Participants are required to quit smoking
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change from Baseline Objective Sleep Quality at 6 months
Description
Actigraphy
Time Frame
Two weeks at baseline, During first week of smoking cessation, for two weeks 3 month after smoking cessation and for two weeks 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Sleep Structure at 6 months
Description
Polysomnography (PSG)
Time Frame
Two nights at baseline, one night at the end of the first week of smoking cessation, one night 3 month after smoking cessation and one night 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Subjective Sleep Quality at 6 months
Description
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).The questionnaire consists of 19 individual items, generating seven "component" scores: sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The component scores are added to yield one "global" score, with a range of 0-21 points, with higher scores indicating more severe sleep difficulties.
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation,Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Tobacco Smoking Dependence at 6 months
Description
Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS).The questionnaire includes nine items, each describing a specific nicotine withdrawal symptom. Participants indicate the degree of severity with which they experienced each symptom in the preceding 24 hours on a 5-point scale (0-4). The items are averaged for a single severity score (0-4), with a higher score indicating a more severe level of dependence.
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation,Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Tobacco Smoking urge at 6 months
Description
Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU). consists of 10 items, each a statement referring to the amount of craving for a cigarette at a given point in time. Participants indicate the level of their agreement with each statement on a 7-point Likert scale (1-7). The final score is the sum of all responses (range:10-70), with a higher score indicating a stronger urge to smoke.
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation,Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Depressive Symptoms at 6 months
Description
Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Includes 21 items, each consisting of four statements representing increasing levels of severity of a particular depressive symptom. Participants specify which statement best describes their feeling in the preceding week. The scores are added for a final score (0-63), . with a higher score indicating a more severe state of depression.
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation, Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline State Anxiety at 6 months
Description
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).The portion of the questionnaire that assesses state anxiety includes 20 items, each a statement relating to the participant's sense of anxiety at that point in time. Participants indicate agreement with each statement on a 4-point scale (1-4). The scores are added for a final score (20-80), with a higher score indicating a more severe state of anxiety.
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation, Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Biological Markers of Stress and Tobacco Smoking at 6 months
Description
Salivary levels of cortisol, α-amylase, and cotinine
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation, Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Exhaled Carbon Monoxide at 6 months
Description
Carbon monoxide (CO) exhalation level
Time Frame
Once at baseline, 4 times during the first week of smoking cessation (day 2, day 3, day 5, day 7), Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Cognitive Functioning at 6 months
Description
Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB)
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation,Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation
Title
Change from Baseline Pulmonary Function as measured by spirometry (the volume and speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled) at 6 months
Description
The parameters measured in spirometry are Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV), Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF), and Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV).
Time Frame
Once at baseline, Once at the end of the first week of smoking cessation, Once 3 month after smoking cessation and Once 6 month after smoking cessation

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
30 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: For the smokers group: At least 10 cigarettes a day on average, for the preceding 2 years Meeting the criteria for tobacco use disorder laid out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). For the nonsmokers group: • Not having smoked more than 5 cigarettes in their lifetime and not at all in the preceding 2 years. Exclusion Criteria: History of mental illness or substance abuse. Working on night shifts. Pregnancy Clinical diagnosis of a sever lung disease, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Clinical diagnosis of a severe sleeping disorder, such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy and hypersomnia
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Ami Cohen, phD
Phone
97246423541
Ext
97246423541
Email
desiv@yvc.ac.il
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Iris Haimov, Professor
Phone
9724642765
Email
i_haimov@yvc.ac.il
Facility Information:
Facility Name
The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel
City
Afula
ZIP/Postal Code
19300
Country
Israel
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Iris Haimov, Ph.D.
Phone
0097246423612
Email
i_haimov@yvc.ac.il
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Iris Haimov, Ph.D.

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Citations:
PubMed Identifier
15036549
Citation
al'Absi M, Hatsukami D, Davis GL, Wittmers LE. Prospective examination of effects of smoking abstinence on cortisol and withdrawal symptoms as predictors of early smoking relapse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 Mar 8;73(3):267-78. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.014.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
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Citation
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The Interplay Between Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Sleep Quality Among Healthy Adults

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