Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Training Using Brain-Machine Interface Biofeedback in Stroke Patients With Hemiplegia

Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Training Using Brain-Machine Interface Biofeedback in Stroke Patients With Hemiplegia

A Study on the Effectiveness of Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Training Using Brain-Machine Interface Biofeedback in Stroke Patients With Hemiplegia

This is a study to evaluate the efficacy of upper extremity rehabilitation using Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) on individuals with hemiplegia due to stroke. BMI is a device that can record and analyze human brain signals (in this study Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used) and also provide live feedback (by pneumatic glove movement) to the individual wearing it. This device hypothetically enables more accurate training by reinforcing the correctly activated brain signal repeatedly then conventional therapy. In phase 1 study investigators will evaluate the feasibility of BMI on chronic stroke participants. 5 sessions of BMI-assisted occupational therapy (OT) will be performed and the Fugl Meyer Assessment-Upper Limb (FMA-UL) score change between the pre-treatment and post-treatment will be analyzed by paired t-test. In phase 2 study, a randomized controlled study will be performed by randomly allocating participants to either control (OT plus OT) or experimental group (BMI-assisted OT plus OT) and the difference of FMA-UL score change between the two groups will be analyzed by Student's t-test.

Neural plasticity, Brain Machine Interface, Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Stroke, Upper extremity, Function, Recovery

Phase1 (chronic stroke): with-in group (one group) multiple measurements Phase2 (subacute stroke): Randomized controlled study. Control (OT plus OT) vs Experimental (OT plus BMI-assisted OT)

As the goal of the intervention is to promote finger extension in participants who are unable to extend his/her finger due to stroke, the pneumatic glove provides extension assist when appropriate brain activity is present. The brain activity is obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Hypothetically, this will repeatedly induce brain activation that is related to finger extension.

In Motor imagery OT, Subjects try to extend their fingers (imagine) without BMI assistance. All other setting is equal to BMI-assisted motor imagery OT.

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 month of T2 (T3).

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 months of T2 (T3).

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 month of T2 (T3).

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 month of T2 (T3).

Observational evaluation of the stage of recovery of a stroke patient. There are six stages (1: flaccid, 2: spasticity appears, 3: pronounced spasticity, 4: start of deviation from spasticity, 5: spasticity decreased more than 4 and complex movement combinations are possible, 6: No more spasticity present, near normal to normal movement

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 month of T2 (T3).

Manual measurement of muscle strength. Range from 0 to 5. When there is absolute no movement of muscle it scored as 0. When muscle activation is felt by palpation but no movement is present it is scored as 1. If full range of motion is possible with gravity removed it is scored as 2. If one can move his/her joint to full range of motion against gravity but without other resistance it is scored as 3. If one can resist mild resistance it is score as 4. If one's muscle strength is normal it is scored as 5.

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 month of T2 (T3).

An observational measurement on manual dexterity. The observer counts the number of boxes that participant can move across the mid-line dissection board in a limited time (60 seconds).

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 months of T2 (T3).

Near infrared spectroscopy is a tool that can measure the brain activity and subsequently analyze connectivity between each recording spot. The connectivity will be reported as an illustration or image

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 months of T2 (T3).

Measures resistance during passive muscle stretching and is used as a simple measure of spasticity. 0: No increase in muscle tone, 1: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension. 2: More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved. 3: Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult. 4: Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension.

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 months of T2 (T3).

Markers (stickers) are placed on finger joints (Proximal phalangeal joint, Distal phalangeal joint) and finger tip of the 2nd finger. The camera will recognize the marker and measure the range of 2nd finger extension.

Baseline evaluation (T0), Evaluation after 2 weeks of therapy (T1 [immediately or 1 day after treatment termination]), Evaluation after 1 month of T1 (T2), Evaluation after 3 months of T2 (T3).

Inclusion Criteria: Subcortical stroke with hemiplegia 1st stroke Time since onset is less than 3 months Brunnstrom stage 2,3 Exclusion Criteria: Recurred stroke MMSE score below 10 Delirium Unstable medical condition Pregnancy Cannot sustain sitting position for 30 minutes Pain that limits upper extremity exercise