Power Strength Training in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Older Adults (DIAPOW)

Effects of an Exercise Program on Physical Functionality and Frailty in Type 2 Diabetic Older Adults. Role of Circulating Concentration of PDEF and Differential Genes

Diabetes is a disease with a high impact in the population older than 65 years old. Some indications suggest that diabetes in the old age aggravate the negative effects of ageing, as the loss of muscle mass and strength, bringing the patients to a situation of vulnerability and elevated risk of disability and death known as "frailty syndrome". Recently, scientists have observed that if older population train with musculation machines emphasising the muscular power, it is possible to have an impact on a disminution of frailty and restoring the physical functionality. This project deeps in the physiological and molecular mechanisms that underlie to improvements in the frail diabetic patients.

It is hypothesised that: High intensity training (strength-power) prescribed properly in an individualised form and supervised could influence significantly on the phenotypic response in the DM type 2: decreasing the level of clinical severity, disability and frailty, improving quality of life and glycaemic control, functional capacity and body composition (especially the muscle mass) of the diabetic patients (type 2) older than 65 years old. Part of the training adaptations in diabetic patients (type 2) older than 65 years old could due to physiological conditions as the systemic level of biomarkers as PDEF in these patients. Part of the training adaptations in diabetic patients (type 2) could be influenced by the characterisation of associated genes to the different types of DM type 2 recently characterised. The principal aims are: To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel intervention based on strength-power exercise in individuals older than 65 years old with DM type 2 and frailty in term of: level of clinical severity, disability, glycaemic control, quality of life, functional capacity, state of frailty and body composition. To establish whether PDEF serves as diagnostic and prediction biomarker to training response, providing an objective and accessible method that would stratify the response to the intervention helping with the patients screening. To determine the role of characterised genetic variants in the different subgroups of DM type 2 in the level of response to the training stimuli. Study design Longitudinal intervention stratified study, controlled and single-blinded, with a group of intervention and control group. Based on data from a previous study recently published by the collaborators of this project. The sample size was calculated to get statistically significant differences in the physical functionality using ANCOVA and performing a bilateral contrast with alpha=0.05 of the effect of the group (with any of the independent variables), and it is needed 30 subjects by group (total n=60) to get a statistical power of 80%, with a partial eta ≥ 0.101 (value that corresponds with the size of the moderate effect). Exercise program The intervention period will have a duration of 12 weeks, in which the training group will perform 2 sessions per week (24 sessions in total), while the control group will not perform any type of intervention, following their normal lifes and the habitual medical cares. The experimental group will perform a program focused on the muscle power training, in which there will be included exercise of upper limbs (chest press) and lower limbs (leg press). The exercises will be performed in muscle-building machines available in the reference institutions of the collaborators. It is important to point out that the intensity in the exercises will be individualised for any patient through a test of determination of muscle power validated previously by the consortium of researchers and the subjects will perform the exercises at this intensity at which the subjects will develop their maximal muscle performance, with the performance of 3-4 bouts of 8 repetitions in each exercise. After the third week of intervention, it will be put the attention to the speed of execution. The duration of each session has been estimated in 20-30 minutes. Finally, the subjects in the control group will serve to compare the interventions with exercise and the clinical conventional treatment, as well as to determine whether the training program is able to restore the functional capacity in a similar way in diabetic patients without frailty.

Participants will take part in an intervention of 12 weeks duration in which they will train with musculation machines.

Level of frailty assessed by Fried Criteria. Intermediate or prefrail: 1 or 2 criteria present. Positive for frailty phenotype: ≥3 criteria present.

Level of functional capacity assessed by the test SPPB. Scores 0-3: Very low physical function; Scores 4-6: Low physical function; Scores 7-9: Moderate physical function; Scores 10-12: High physical function

Level of disability assessed by the Barthel test. A participant scoring 0 points would be dependent in all assessed activities of daily living, whereas a score of 100 would reflect independence in these activities.

Level of functional mobility assessed by the Lawton test. A scale from 0 to 8, expressing higher scores better levels of independence.

Level of quality of life assessed by the test EuroQoL index, EQ-5D-5L. The score is the time trade-off (TTO). Scale from 11111 to 55555 being the higher the best health related quality of life.

Inclusion Criteria: Sign an informed consent. Older than 65 years old with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed in a minimum of 2 previous years. Being diagnosed frail, pre-frail or no frail. Exclusion Criteria: Barthel's index lower than 60 points. Incapacity to complete the SPPB fitness test. Score lower than 20 points in the Mini Mental State Examination. Cardiovascular event in the previous 6 months following the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Patients clinically unstable by the investigator's judgement. Terminal disease (life expectancy lower than 6 months). Participation in another study that could interfere in the results of the current research.

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