Biomarkes Of Job STRess In Emergency Senior Physicians - Detection of Stressful Events (JOBSTRESS)

Emergency medicine is a unique specialty focusing on a breadth of acute care, on demand . Shift work is also a fundamental component of emergency medicine, and is associated with chronic stress, including stress at work. Consequently, stress may lead to symptoms of mental exhaustion, physical fatigue, detachment from work, and feelings of diminished competence . Emergency physicians (EPs) are exposed to a complex interplay between stress (life-and-death emergencies - a defining characteristic of their job), sleep deprivation, and fatigue due to repeated changes in, and duration of shifts. Work-related exhaustion can lead to various physical and psychological symptoms, and also may be associated with delayed decision-making . The combined effects of stress and fatigue can impact on job performance, often resulting in otherwise preventable medical errors. Moreover, prolonged stress may expose EPs to a higher risk of multiple diseases, predominantly systemic inflammation and coronary heart disease. All these contribute to the premature departure of EPs to other specialties. Furthermore, low HRV has been associated with stress, burnout, and is linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. This project proposes to evaluate if life-and-death emergencies or specific situations will induce abrupt changes in HRV among emergency physicians. Moreover, we would like to compare reactions between being an actor (EPs) and being a spectator and assess the role of expertise and habituation to stressful emergency situations.

The JOBSTRESS protocol was designed to provide a better understanding of the association between specific situations (ie: life and death emergencies) and breaks in the variability of the heart rate. Each emergency physician participates in the study two times. A night shift from 6:30 p.m to 8:30 a.m (14 hours) which will be compared with a day shift, as a control, from 8:30 a.m to 6:30 p.m. Emergency physicians will be accompanied by a medical externship student. Statistical analysis will be performed using Stata software (version 13; Stata-Corp, College Station, Tex., USA). All statistical tests will be bilateral and a p <0.05 will be considered significant. Qualitative variables will be described in terms of numbers and proportions. Quantitative variables will be described in terms of numbers, average, median, standard deviation, and range. Graphic representations will be complete presentations of results. We process multivariate physiological series (HR, HRV, SC, wrist motion, respiratory rate) in order to build a stress index. For such multivariate physiological series, we first use change point analysis on each univariate series in order to get clusters with constant parameters, then we use classification algorithm on the constant parameters obtained in first step in order to obtain different classes corresponding to different levels of stress. Eventually, we obtain at each time the level of stress and can compare it to the environmental conditions.

Emergency will be followed during a night shift and the rest day et during a day shift and the rest day. They will be observed by a medical externship student. We will assess the role of expertise and habituation to stressful emergency situations.

Burnout is assessed by the Maslach Burn-out Inventory (MBI) composed by 22 items and a 7-point scale ranging from "never" to "every day".

depression is assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) composed by 7 items and a 4-point scale from "never" to "always".

Anxiety is assessed by the the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) composed by 7 items and a 4-point scale from "never" to "always" and by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) composed by two dimensions, state anxiety and trait anxiety, both evaluated with a 20-items questionnaire on a 4-point scale from "never" to "always".

Assessing factors regarding lifestyle are related to smoking, alcohol, coffee, food intake (questionnaires), and physical activity (Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire).

Inclusion Criteria: Emergency physicians from the emergency department of CHU Clermont-Ferrand will be accompanied by a medical externship student. Ability to give a written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: Participant refusal to participate