Interactions of Medicine and Exercise With Meal Timing (MMET)

Optimizing Exercise Training Effects on Metabolic Syndrome Factors by Altering the Timing of Medication and Meal Ingestion

To analyze the effects of altering the time of ingestion of participants' habitual medication (i.e., metformin, statins, ARAII/IACE) and meals around the time of exercise training (exercise fasted or fed) on the improvement of metabolic syndrome factors (hypertension, insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, and obesity). There will be a preliminary study of the effects of training "time-of-day" on the primary study outcomes.

Objective: The purpose is to study in a group of adults with metabolic syndrome and obesity, the effects of altering timing between exercise training, meals, and their habitual medication on the improvement in the factors that compose the metabolic syndrome (i.e., hypertension, insulin resistance, central obesity, and dyslipidemia). The main objective is to find the most productive combination between exercise training and the timing of their habitual pharmacological treatment, and meal ingestion for lowering those factors. Methods and design: Cross-over randomized double-blinded, pretest-posttest control group experimental design. The project will be developed in a single center with the collaboration of the regional public health system (SECAM). There will be a preliminary study of the effects of training "time-of-day" on three parallel groups of individuals. Subjects: Will be referred by their primary care physicians to our study unit or recruited by advertisements in local media. Up to 180 subjects, all of them with metabolic syndrome will be recruited (>25% women). Measurements: Specifically, we will study if the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations to aerobic training that result in amelioration of metabolic syndrome factors are potentiated by correct timming of training, meals, and medicine around exercise training time.

Metabolic Syndrome, Protection Against, Exercise Training, Metformin, Statins, Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor, Fasting, Intermittent, Angiotensin Hypertension

Habitual medicine will be embedded in bigger capsules along with a placebo to be able to randomly allocate medicine/placebo. The first meal in the morning will be also masked by either providing a non-caloric or caloric vanilla-flavored beverage resulting in the fed/fasted condition in a blinded fashion.

25-32 individuals with metabolic syndrome that will remain sedentary during the 4 months of treatment taking their habitual medication (i.e., blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides lowering drugs) and meals at the habitual time (CONTROL GROUP).

2 groups of 25-32 individuals with metabolic syndrome that will exercise-train during 16 weeks after ingesting a liquid test meal (500 calls, 50% fat) 30 min before exercise (EXERCISE TRAINING FED).

2 groups of 25-32 individuals with metabolic syndrome that will exercise-train during 16 weeks after ingestion of a placebo meal (0 kcals) 30 min before exercise (EXERCISE TRAINING FAST).

A group will train 30 min after taking their habitual dose of medicine (MEDICATED train) while another group will train after taking a placebo (NON-MEDICATED train) and will receive their medication after training.

Curves of insulin-mediated glucose clearance, inhibition of lipolysis, and liver glucose output measured with the use of stable isotope infusion.

Rates of appearance and clearance of liver VLDL-TG, Apolipoprotein B, and fatty acids using stable isotopes.

Determined immediately after treatments and during the following 24-h using ambulatory blood pressure Holter-type monitors.

Maximal oxygen consumption during a graded exercise test to exhaustion, assessed by indirect calorimetry

Calculated in grams per min during the incremental cycle ergometer test with the use of indirect calorimetry system

24-hour monitoring of blood concentrations of metformin, statins, and angiotensin blockers assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

To study the pharmacokinetics of the habitual medicines used by our subjects during the different experimental conditions

The activity of intramuscular proteins (enzymes) involved in energetics assessed using western blots.

Inclusion Criteria: Metabolic syndrome patients diagnosed according to The International diabetes federation consensus of 2009 (Alberti, et al., Circulation). Exclusion Criteria: Cardiovascular disease or musculo-skeletal that prevents them from being able to perform intense exercise. Respiratory failure Liver o renal disease Pregnancy

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Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF, Guio de Prada V, Fernandez-Elias VE, Hamouti N, Morales-Palomo F, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Nelson RK. Effects of Simultaneous or Sequential Weight Loss Diet and Aerobic Interval Training on Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Sports Med. 2016 Apr;37(4):274-81. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1564259. Epub 2015 Dec 14.

Alvarez-Jimenez L, Moreno-Cabanas A, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Effects of statins and exercise on postprandial lipoproteins in metabolic syndrome vs metabolically healthy individuals. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar;87(3):955-964. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14447. Epub 2020 Jul 12.

Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Moreno-Cabanas A. Effects of statin therapy and exercise on postprandial triglycerides in overweight individuals with hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Jun;86(6):1089-1099. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14217. Epub 2020 Feb 18.

Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Ortega JF, Moreno-Cabanas A, Mora-Rodriguez R. Exercise Training Adaptations in Metabolic Syndrome Individuals on Chronic Statin Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr 1;105(4):dgz304. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz304.

Guio de Prada V, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Moreno-Cabanas A, Mora-Rodriguez R. Women with metabolic syndrome show similar health benefits from high-intensity interval training than men. PLoS One. 2019 Dec 10;14(12):e0225893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225893. eCollection 2019.

Moreno-Cabanas A, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Mora-Rodriguez R. Importance of a verification test to accurately assess V̇O2 max in unfit individuals with obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020 Mar;30(3):583-590. doi: 10.1111/sms.13602. Epub 2019 Dec 11.

Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise Programs for Health Promotion in Metabolic Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 Sep;51(9):1876-1883. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001983.

Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Moreno-Cabanas A, Morales-Palomo F. Insulin sensitivity improvement with exercise training is mediated by body weight loss in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab. 2020 Jun;46(3):210-218. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.05.004. Epub 2019 May 31.

Mora-Rodriguez R, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M. Weight loss but not gains in cardiorespiratory fitness after exercise-training predicts improved health risk factors in metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 Dec;28(12):1267-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.08.004. Epub 2018 Aug 23.

Ramirez-Jimenez M, Morales-Palomo F, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Effects of intense aerobic exercise and/or antihypertensive medication in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Sep;28(9):2042-2051. doi: 10.1111/sms.13218. Epub 2018 Jun 4.