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Treatment of Post-concussion Syndrome With TMS: Using FNIRS as a Biomarker of Response

Primary Purpose

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Post-Concussion Syndrome

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Canada
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
rTMS
Sponsored by
University of Calgary
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 65 Years (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of persistent post-concussional syndrome based on the ICD-10 criteria. This diagnosis should be given to the patient from a clinical practitioner.
  • Age 18-65 yrs.
  • Current pharmacologic management can remain stable throughout the protocol. The medication will be maintained without intervention during the treatment study such as use of abortive headache medications (i.e. triptans, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, anti-seizure medications). Patient's undergoing botox treatment will undergo rTMS treatment 6-8 weeks following their injection, which is around the time of peak botox efficacy.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Prior history of TMS therapy
  • TMS-related contraindications (pacemaker, metallic implant)
  • Other medical conditions such as structural brain disease, previous seizure, psychiatric disorders excluding depression and anxiety (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), liver or kidney disease, malignancy, uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes, and pregnancy.

Sites / Locations

  • Foothills Medical CentreRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

Sham Comparator

Arm Label

Treatment group

Sham group

Arm Description

Patients will engage in a four-week treatment protocol (20 treatments). This was chosen as it is the midpoint between typical depression and migraine protocol durations. A standardized atlas brain with Montreal neurologic institute (MNI) coordinates will be used for navigation. The DLPFC will be located through MNI coordinates (-50, 30, 36). The intensity of the rTMS will be 100-120% of resting motor threshold amplitude, with a frequency of 10 Hz, 10 trains of 60 pulses/train (total of 600 pulses) and an inter-train interval of 45s.

In the sham condition, a sham coil will be applied to the scalp after the resting motor threshold is determined. Patients will be able to hear the sound and feel the vibration of sham coil, but will not experience any effective stimulation. Previous sham studies have demonstrated efficacy of the blinding method.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Life Stress Questionnaire
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Life Stress Questionnaire
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Life Stress Questionnaire
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Life Stress Questionnaire
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80 with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80 with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80 with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior

Full Information

First Posted
September 4, 2020
Last Updated
June 9, 2023
Sponsor
University of Calgary
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT04568369
Brief Title
Treatment of Post-concussion Syndrome With TMS: Using FNIRS as a Biomarker of Response
Official Title
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Biomarker of Response in Patients With Post-concussion Syndrome Treated With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
September 2022
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
May 2, 2020 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
September 2023 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
September 2023 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
University of Calgary

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Every year, approximately 2 million people in the United States and 280,000 in Canada experience a mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. In patients with concussion, symptoms experienced following injury usually get better within 3 months. However, approximately 5-25% of people will experience symptoms beyond the 3 month period, characterized by persistent headaches, fatigue, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and thinking or concentration problems, which contribute to significant functional impairment. Chronic headache is the most common symptom following concussions. They can last beyond 5 years following injury, significantly impacting daily activities. To date, post-concussion symptoms have no known "cure". One potential approach to treating post-concussion symptoms may involve using drug-free interventions, such as neuromodulation therapy. This has the goal of restoring normal brain activity. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is one method currently being explored as a treatment option. TMS is a procedure where brain electrical activity is influenced by a magnetic field. Numerous studies using rTMS to treat other disorders, such as dementia, stroke, cerebral palsy, addictions, depression and anxiety, have shown much promise. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether rTMS treatment can significantly improve persistent post-concussion symptoms. A secondary objective is to explore the relationship between potential changes in brain function and clinical markers associated with rTMS treatment and how functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a neuroimaging technology, may be used to assess rTMS-treatment response.
Detailed Description
Annually, up to 280,000 people in Canada and 42 million worldwide experience a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In patients with mTBI, symptoms experienced following injury usually resolve within 3 months. However, up to 25% of patients will experience persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), which can continue up to 1 year following injury. Common symptoms include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, depression, anxiety, emotional lability, concentration or memory difficulties, insomnia, and reduced alcohol tolerance (ICD-10 post-concussion syndrome diagnostic criteria). To date, there is no "cure" for PPCS and current treatment entails trial and error with behavior management, environmental modifications and medications. Consequently, there is a significant need for new approaches to symptom management in order to help improve functional impairment and disease burden, associated with PPCS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been studied as an intervention for many mental health and neurological conditions, including major depression and migraines, and has shown initial promise for PPCS. We intend to study the efficacy of TMS for PPCS further in a randomized sham-controlled trial. Mild traumatic injury is considered a risk factor in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. As such, post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury often co-occur and share similar symptoms, such as irritability, post-traumatic amnesia, sleep disturbances, concentration difficulties and cognitive processing deficits. Several studies have suggested the efficacy and safety of rTMS for the treatment of PTSD; however, a gap in the literature exists regarding treating comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and PPCS following mild traumatic brain injury. To study potential differences in response to treatment between individuals experiencing PPCS with or without co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder, we intend to measure PTSD symptoms for those with a clinical diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. Tracking PTSD symptoms will allow insight into whether the presence of PTSD symptoms affects rTMS treatment outcomes in individuals experiencing PPCS. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES The overall goal is to study the application of rTMS treatment to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with PPCS to improve overall symptom burden and to explore biomarkers of response, specifically functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Specifically the objectives are: Primary Objective: to determine changes in brain physiology associated with rTMS treatment as recorded by fNIRS. Secondary Objective: to determine whether patients with PPCS have significant improvement to a 20-day high frequency rTMS treatment protocol of the left DLPFC compared to patients with PPCS receiving a sham rTMS protocol as measured by the Rivermead post-concussion symptom questionnaire at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. Third Objective: To determine what exploratory outcomes such as quality of life, headaches, anxiety, depression, sleep, and somatic symptoms also improve with TMS treatment in individuals suffering with PPCS. Quality of life will be measured via the Quality of Life after Brain Injury questionnaire (QOLIBRI), headache intensity will be measured via the Headache intensity Test - 6 (HIT-6), feelings of depression will be measured via the Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9), anxiety via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder -7 (GAD-7), sleep via the Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire and somatic symptoms which are commonly present in functional neurological disorders via the SOMS-CD and Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). Since Functional Neurological Disorder is often associated with past trauma, trauma history will be assessed via the Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ) and the Life Stress Questionnaire (LSQ). To determine whether those with PPCS and PTSD respond differently to rTMS and what effect this has on their PTSD symptoms measured via the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Participants with PTSD will be identified as those with scores higher than 33 in the PCL-5 and a clinical diagnosis of PTSD by a medical professional. To examine potential blood biomarkers of post-concussion syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder. METHODS This study will be a double-blind, sham-controlled, concealed allocation, randomized clinical trial. Clinical Assessments: Demographic information will be collected prior to starting the study including age, sex, education, headache history, concussion history, past medical history, medication use, and family medical history. Baseline questionnaires will be completed including Headache Impact Test - 6 (HIT-6), Rivermead PPCS questionnaire, British Columbia post-concussion symptom inventory (BC-PSI), quality of life after brain injury questionnaire (QOLIBRI), patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 (GADS-7),the St. Louis University Mental examination Tool (SLUMS), the screening for somatoform symptoms questionnaire (SOMS-CD), the post traumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Brief Trauma Questionniare (BTQ), the Life Stress Questionnaire (LSQ), the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), and the Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire (SCQ). Those who are identified as having a PCL-5 score of greater than 33, in addition to a clinical diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, will also complete the LEC-5, CAPS-5, MADRS and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Patients will be reassessed at the completion of their rTMS treatment, and at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. The questionnaires that will be completed at all follow-up visits include the Rivermead PPCS questionnaire, the HIT-6, the BC-PSI, the QOLIBRI, the PHQ-9, the GAD-7, the PCL-5, the SLUMS, the SOMS-CD, the PHQ-15, and the Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire. For the Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire, the initial screening section will not be completed at follow-ups. Participants in the PTSD sub-group will also complete the MADRS, CAPS-5 and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale at the 1 month and 3-month follow-up visits. TMS Protocol: Patients will engage in a four-week treatment protocol (20 treatments). This was chosen as it is the midpoint between typical depression and migraine protocol durations. A standardized atlas brain with Montreal Neurologic Institute (MNI) coordinates will be used for navigation. The DLPFC will be located through MNI coordinates (-50, 30, 36). The intensity of the rTMS will be 100-120% of resting motor threshold amplitude, with a frequency of 10 Hz, 10 trains of 60 pulses/train (total of 600 pulses) and inter-train interval of 45s. In the sham condition, a sham coil will be applied to the scalp after the resting motor threshold is determined. Patients will be able to hear the sound and feel the vibration of sham coil, but will not experience any effective stimulation. Previous sham studies have demonstrated efficacy of the blinding method. Imaging: Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measurements will be recorded at baseline, immediately following rTMS, and at one month and 3-month follow-ups post-rTMS to investigate changes in brain physiology associated with rTMS treatment. fNIRS data will be recorded over the frontoparietal cortex at a sampling rate of 3.91 Hz, using the TechEn fNIRS system (TechEn Inc., Milford, MA USA). Each recording will consist of a 5 min rest period, followed by a finger tapping exercise, and a graded working memory task, previously described by Hocke et al (2018). The fNIRS data will be processed and analyzed for task-evoked activation using an ordinary least squares method of general linear modeling, as implemented in the NIRS Brain AnalyzIR Toolbox. Blood Samples: Blood samples will be collected from a certified phlebotomist at the Heritage Medical Research Clinic located in the Cal Wenzel Precision Health building at the Foothills Medical Centre Campus. Analysis will focus on blood biomarkers of inflammation and CNS injury. Statistical Analysis: Outcome parameters within each specific group (rTMS, sham, sex, PTSD diagnosis) will be analyzed by a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA).

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Concussion, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Crossover Assignment
Model Description
This study will be a double-blind, sham-controlled, concealed allocation, randomized, cross over clinical trial.
Masking
ParticipantCare ProviderInvestigator
Masking Description
Patients will be randomized with a random number generator to receive either sham or rTMS. The research assistant administering the fNIRS and PTSD assessments, will be blinded to the treatment allocations. Once the study is completed, patients and all study personnel will be unblinded. Subjects in the sham group will be given the opportunity to cross over to the treatment group.
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
102 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Treatment group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Patients will engage in a four-week treatment protocol (20 treatments). This was chosen as it is the midpoint between typical depression and migraine protocol durations. A standardized atlas brain with Montreal neurologic institute (MNI) coordinates will be used for navigation. The DLPFC will be located through MNI coordinates (-50, 30, 36). The intensity of the rTMS will be 100-120% of resting motor threshold amplitude, with a frequency of 10 Hz, 10 trains of 60 pulses/train (total of 600 pulses) and an inter-train interval of 45s.
Arm Title
Sham group
Arm Type
Sham Comparator
Arm Description
In the sham condition, a sham coil will be applied to the scalp after the resting motor threshold is determined. Patients will be able to hear the sound and feel the vibration of sham coil, but will not experience any effective stimulation. Previous sham studies have demonstrated efficacy of the blinding method.
Intervention Type
Device
Intervention Name(s)
rTMS
Intervention Description
See treatment arm description.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Description
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Description
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Description
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ)
Description
Assesses the severity of 16 commonly experienced PCS symptoms. Participants are instructed to rate the extent to which they have suffered from each of the listed symptoms in the past 24 hours, as compared to pre-injury levels, using a scale of 0 ("not experienced at all") to 4 ("a severe problem"). The RPQ has been demonstrated as a valid measure of PPCS with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 4.5 points. It is advised to analyze this assessment as two separate scales (RPQ-13 and RRQ-3). The RPQ-3 has a total possible score of 0-12, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. The RPQ-13 has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes. Using these sub-scales, the instrument has good test-retest reliability and external construct validity. This questionnaire probes the separate cognitive, emotional and somatic components of PPCS.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Description
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Description
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Description
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI)
Description
Assesses quality of life. Total possible score ranges between 0-100, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Description
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Description
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Description
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Headache Impact Test (HIT-6)
Description
Assesses headache intensity. Total possible score ranges from 36-78, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Description
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Description
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Description
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Description
Assesses depressive symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Description
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Description
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Description
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Description
Assesses feelings of anxiety. Total possible score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Description
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Description
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Description
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7 CD Sub-scale)
Description
Evaluates somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Description
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Description
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Description
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)
Description
Assesses for mild cognitive impairment. Total possible score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicative of better outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Description
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Description
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Description
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory
Description
Assesses the frequency and intensity of post-concussion symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 3-67, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Description
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Description
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Description
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
Description
Assesses somatic symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-30, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Description
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Description
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Description
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire
Description
Assesses sleep changes following mTBI. Total possible score ranges from 0-36, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Description
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Description
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Description
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Brief Trauma Questionnaire
Description
Assesses trauma history in a YES/NO format.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Life Stress Questionnaire
Description
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Life Stress Questionnaire
Description
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Life Stress Questionnaire
Description
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Life Stress Questionnaire
Description
Assesses significant life stressors in the past 2 years. Total possible score ranges from 0-1645, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80 with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80 with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)
Description
Assesses PTSD symptoms over the past week. Total possible symptom severity score ranges from 0-80 with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Description
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Description
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Description
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
Description
Semi-structured interview to assess depression symptoms. Total possible score ranges from 0-60, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Title
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Description
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Description
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Description
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
Description
Screening tool for suicidal ideation and behavior
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention
Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures:
Title
Functional near infrared spectroscopy
Description
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will used as a tool to determine TMS response
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Functional near infrared spectroscopy
Description
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will used as a tool to determine TMS response
Time Frame
Within 1 week post-intervention
Title
Functional near infrared spectroscopy
Description
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will used as a tool to determine TMS response
Time Frame
1-month post-intervention
Title
Functional near infrared spectroscopy
Description
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will used as a tool to determine TMS response
Time Frame
3-months post-intervention

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
65 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Diagnosis of persistent post-concussion syndrome based on the ICD-10 criteria. This diagnosis should be given to the patient from a clinical practitioner. Concussion in the past 5 years attributed to current symptoms. Age 18-75 yrs. Current pharmacologic management can remain stable throughout the protocol. The medication will be maintained without intervention during the treatment study such as use of abortive headache medications (i.e. triptans, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, anti-seizure medications). Exclusion Criteria: Prior history of TMS therapy TMS-related contraindications (pacemaker, metallic implant) Other medical conditions such as structural brain disease, previous seizure, psychiatric disorders excluding depression, PTSD and anxiety (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), liver or kidney disease, malignancy, uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes, and pregnancy.
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Chantel T Debert, MD MSc FRCPC CSCN
Phone
(403) 944-4500
Email
cdebert@ucalgary.ca
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Christina C Campbell, MSc
Phone
403-944-8649
Email
tmsandfnirsstudy@ucalgary.ca
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Chantel T Debert, MD MSc FRCPC CSCN
Organizational Affiliation
University of Calgary
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Foothills Medical Centre
City
Calgary
State/Province
Alberta
ZIP/Postal Code
T2N2T9
Country
Canada
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Chantel T Debert, MD MSc
Phone
(403)944-4500
Email
chantel.debert@ahs.ca
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Alison J Wilson, BA BCom
Phone
(403)944-8646
Email
tmsandfnirsstudy@ucalgary.ca

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
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Treatment of Post-concussion Syndrome With TMS: Using FNIRS as a Biomarker of Response

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