Reward-Based Recovery Outcomes Management for Opioid Use Disorder

Assessed by % of participants fully-adherent to daily doses during study period with higher values indicating greater buprenorphine adherence.

Assessed by % of participants fully-adherent to weekly outpatient individual therapy visits, community-based mutual-help recovery support meetings, and other scheduled appointments attended during study period with higher values indicating greater care plan adherence.

Assessed by % of participants completing assessment surveys during study period with higher values indicating greater survey participation.

Assessed by participant self-report and positive urine drug screens completed at routine clinic visits during study period.

Assessed by participant self-report and positive urine drug screens completed at routine clinic visits during study period for non-opioids substances (alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines).

The EUROHIS-QOL (European Health Interview Survey-Quality of Life) 8-item index is an efficient, valid, and reliable measure of four quality of life domains (physical, psychological, environmental, and social). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale and summed to produce a total quality of life score (Range: 8-40) with higher scores indicating a higher level of satisfaction with their current quality of life. Change in scores from baseline to 4-week follow-up was examined with a higher change score indicating a greater increase in participant quality of life.

OCS is a 3-item measure of opioid craving with acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and concurrent/predictive validity. Participants rate their level of craving in reference to three situations (current, past week, and high-risk environment) on a scale ranging from 0-10 to produce a total score ranging from 0-30 with higher scores indicating greater reduction in craving. Change in OCS scores from baseline to 4-week follow-up was examined to determine reductions in craving.

Readiness Ruler is a valid and reliable 2-item measure of motivation and readiness to change. Participants rate their perceived "Importance" of making a change to their drug use behaviors, and their perceived "Confidence" in their ability to successfully achieve their goal (range: 0-100) with higher scores indicating greater motivation. Perceived "Importance" and "Confidence" scores are averaged to indicate a total Motivation score at 4-week follow-up (Range: 0-100).

BSCQ is an 8-item measure of self-efficacy for resisting the urge to use drugs in 8 high-risk situations based on the relapse prevention model (unpleasant emotions, physical discomfort, pleasant emotions, testing control, urges/temptations, interpersonal conflict, social pressure, and pleasant times with others). Patients rate their confidence in resisting the urge to use drugs in each of the 8 situations on a scale ranging from 0 (Not at all Confident) to 100 (Extremely Confident). Scores for each of the 8 situations are averaged to produce a total self-efficacy score (Range: 0-100). Change in scores from baseline to 4-week follow-up was examined with higher scores indicating a greater increase in self-efficacy.

Participant self-report will be used to determine frequency counts of the 11 opioid use disorder diagnostic criteria per Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) with higher counts indicating a greater number of symptoms/opioid-related impairment present and higher opioid use disorder severity. Total score indicating the total number of positive diagnostic criteria ranges from 0-11. Change in the number of diagnostic criteria endorsed from baseline to 4-week follow-up was examined to determine reduction in opioid-related impairment with higher scores indicating a greater reduction in symptoms over time.