Early and Intensive Occupational Therapy in Mechanical Ventilated Patients

Early and Intensive Occupational Therapy Improves the Functional Status of Critical Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation at Discharge: Randomized Clinical Trial

This study evaluates the efficacy of an early and intensive occupational therapy (OT) protocol in critical adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Evaluating the functional independence at hospital discharge.

A randomized clinical trial with an experimental-control will be implemented, considering the prospective multicenter group, with parallel groups, in a 1:1 ratio, in 3 Chilean hospitals. A control group will has a standard analgesia, sedation, delirium and mobilization (ASDM) measures or an intervention group will have early and intensive OT plus ASDM. The intervention group will receive 20 OT sessions, mainly twice a day, which considers a predefined protocol of actions according to the patient's condition

A control group (standard ASDM measures) or an intervention group (early and intensive occupational therapy + ASDM) will be randomized. The intervention group will receive 20 occupational therapy sessions. The interventions will be organized on the basis of i) level of sedation, ii) presence or absence of delirium (according to CAM ICU +/- (Confusion Assessment Method Intensive Care Unit)), iii) movement with or without gravity (cut-off point 3 points in elbow flexion movement in Medical Research Council(MRC)). The areas of intervention implemented by occupational therapist will be: i) Polysensory stimulation, ii) Cognitive stimulation, iii) Basic activities of daily living, iv) Motor function stimulation, v) Education

In this study, researchers, recruiters, evaluators, control group team and data analyst will be masked. These teams will not have contact with the interventionists of the experimental group. Evaluators who have contact with the patients of both groups, they will be professionals from other medical units, who do not know the ICU team, and will only be able to maintain their dialog, according to the guideline of each evaluation. It is not possible to mask the treating occupational therapist and patient receiving OT.

These sessions will be implemented by occupational therapists trained in ICU, who will conduct 20 sessions of 30 min, distributed depending on the level of sedation, i) SAS (Sedation-Agitation Scale) 1 patients have one session each 48 h, evaluating the change of sedation level each 24 h; ii) SAS 2 patients have one session each 24 h, iii) SAS 3-5 have two sessions every day. The sessions will begin once the patient needs mechanical ventilation for at least 12 h

The ASDM protocol will be implemented to mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU, following the aspects recommended by experts and the current evidence. For this, the team of medical, nurses, and physiotherapist will be trained to understand and facilitate the ASDM actions that each one must implement.

Occupational therapists will implement the following activities: Polysensory stimulation: external stimulation for increasing the level of alertness. It will be implemented with SAS 1 one session each 48 h and SAS 2 one session each 24 h. Cognitive stimulation: bundle of exercises for activating mental functions, i.e: alertness, visual perception, memory, calculus, problem solving, praxis, language. Patients with SAS 3, 4 and 5. In SAS <2, 6> environmental orientation will be considered Basic activities of daily living (BADLs): promotion of independence that initially practice hygiene, personal grooming. Patients with SAS 3, 4 and 5 Motor function Stimulation: exercises to keep the patient's upper extremities active and functional. Patients with SAS with 3,4 and 5. Patients with SAS 1 and 2 will use adaptations to prevent edema and bedsores on vulnerable body areas Education: daily visits by trained family members and health staff about the intervention process

The FIM (Functional independence measure) instrument will be applied by evaluator team. This scale shows that higher score is better, which will be compared between control and experimental group

CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method Intensive Care Unit) instrument will be applied once a day by evaluator

Defined as the number of days in the first 14 days with the CAM-ICU instrument negative and non-coma day.

SAS (Sedation-Agitation Scale) instrument will be applied once a day by evaluator. If SAS 1-2: coma day

SAS and CAM-ICU instruments will be applied once a day by evaluator. Every day without coma or delirium its an delirium-coma free day

A composite analysis who involves delirium-coma free days to day 14. Hazard Ratio <1 interpreted as a lower daily hazard of delirium - implying a shorter mean duration of delirium among days at risk for delirium

MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) instrument (cognitive status).This scale shows that higher score is better, which will be compared between control and experimental group

Day 28 (+/- 3 days) from beginning of mechanical ventilation and day 90 (+/- 7 days)after hospital discharge

Grip strength (motor status) with dynamometer will be applied by evaluator. This scale shows that higher score is better, which will be compared between control and experimental group

EQ-5D-5L (Euro Qol 5 dimensions 5 level) will be applied by evaluator. It will be considered a cut-off point in the Chilean population

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) will be applied by evaluator. This scale shows that lower score is better, which will be compared between control and experimental group

The FIM (Functional independence measure) instrument will be applied by evaluator. This scale shows that higher score is better, which will be compared between control and experimental group

Inclusion Criteria: Age equal to or greater than 18 years. Need for hospitalization in ICU. At least 12 h of invasive mechanical ventilation Informed consent signed by legal representative and / or patient. Exclusion Criteria: Known cognitive impairment before admission with short IQCODE (Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly) Scores> 3.3 were excluded. Previous functional impairment, FAQ (Functional Activities Questionnaire) defined as > 6 points. Severe communication disorder and cultural limitation of language (language different from Spanish) Patient with limited therapeutic proportionality. Neurocritical patients (moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury / stroke of some kind / among others) Spinal injury or unstable fractures that limit mobilization

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