Curcumin; Rose Bengal; Denture Stomatitis

Efficacy of Rose Bengal and Curcumin Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Denture Stomatitis in Patients With Habitual Cigarette Smokers: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Cigarette smoking in conjugation with bad oral hygiene is considered a typical predisposing factor for many oral diseases including denture stomatitis. This study investigated the effect of Rose Bengal (RB)-and Curcumin (CUR)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in comparison with nystatin therapy in the intervention of denture stomatitis in cigarette smokers. Overall, 45 habitual cigarette smokers aged ~58 years having denture stomatitis were categorized into three groups: Group-I - RB-mediated PDT, Group-II - CUR-mediated PDT, and Group-III - Nystatin therapy. The primary outcome of the interest was: counts of Candida colony from denture surface and palatal mucosa, calculated as CFU/mL, whereas the prevalence of Candida species determined in 3 research groups comprised the secondary outcome. Oral swab specimens were gathered from the denture surfaces and palatal mucosa. All clinical assessments were performed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. C. albicans was the most prevalent yeast identified on both denture surfaces and palatal mucosa, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. A considerable decrease in the CFU/mL scores were observed in Group-I and Group-II at the end of the interventions and on the 12-week follow-up (p<0.05). Group-I, II, and III demonstrated clinical efficacy rates of 53%, 51%, and 49%, respectively. CUR-and RB-mediated PDT was found to be as effective as topical Nystatin therapy for the intervention of denture stomatitis among cigarette smokers.

Participants belonging to the rose bengal mediated photodynamic therapy, their dentures and oral cavity were illuminated using the LED device for 26 minutes (37.5 J/cm2). The photosensitizer rose bengal was sprayed on the palate and dentures for half-hour. To irradiate the palate, the investigator handled the other LED device; the circular platform having LEDs was put within the patient's oral cavity and the illumination of the palate was carried out for 20 minutes (122 J/cm2). The PDT was carried out thrice per week for a half month (6 sessions) in each participant.

Participants belonging to the curcumin mediated photodynamic therapy, their dentures and oral cavity were illuminated using the LED device for 26 minutes (37.5 J/cm2). The photosensitizer curcumin was sprayed on the palate and dentures for half-hour. To irradiate the palate, the investigator handled the other LED device; the circular platform having LEDs was put within the patient's oral cavity and the illumination of the palate was carried out for 20 minutes (122 J/cm2). The PDT was carried out thrice per week for a half month (6 sessions) in each participant.

Participants belonging to the Nystatin group were administered the topical nystatin-based antifungal drug.

Curcumin was bought from Sigma®, USA, and its solution was freshly prepared by mixing curcumin powder with phosphate-buffered saline.

Rose bengal was bought from Sigma®, USA, and its solution was freshly prepared by mixing rose bengal powder with phosphate-buffered saline.

Inclusion Criteria: The inclusion criteria consisted of the following: (1) completely edentulous participants; (2) removable complete denture wearers diagnosed with denture stomatitis (loss of filiform papillae, erythema, and feeling of mucosal burning); and (3) habitual cigarette smokers (individuals smoking at least 1 cigarette per day since ≥3 years). Exclusion Criteria: The exclusion criteria consisted of the following: (1) individuals who received steroids, antifungals, or antibiotics over the past 90 days before the initiation of the study; (2) lactating or pregnant women; (3) individuals who had been using the same denture over the past ten years; individuals who underwent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy); (5) patients who are immunocompromised, anemics, or diabetics; (6) habitual alcohol drinkers; and (7) participants who refused to sign the informed consent document.