Implementation of the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score (PIBIS)

This is an implementation study of the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score (PIBIS) into the UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh emergency department. Children less than 1 year of age presenting to the CHP ED for symptoms which place them at increased risk for AHT as defined in the PIBIS validation study will be potentially eligible.

Abusive head trauma is the leading cause of death due to physical abuse. Missing the diagnosis of abusive head trauma (AHT), particularly when it less severe is common and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. Over the past 10 years, the investigators have derived and subsequently prospectively validated the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score (PIBIS), a point of care clinical decision rule to help physicians determine when it is appropriate to obtain neuroimaging in infants who present to the ED for evaluation of soft neurologic signs such as vomiting and fussiness. The results of the NIH multi-center prospective validation were published in 2016 in Pediatrics. The next step in evaluating PIBIS as a clinical prediction rule is to perform an implementation study. Children less than 1 year of age presenting to the CHP ED for symptoms which place them at increased risk for AHT as defined in the PIBIS validation study will be potentially eligible. Discrete fields in the electronic health record - including patient age, Emergency Severity Index (ESI), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, temperature and chief complaint - will be used to identify potentially eligible children in a systematic and efficient manner. Children who are potentially eligible based on this initial screen will trigger an alert to the nurse who will then complete a brief powerform to ensure eligibility and assess for inclusion/exclusion criteria. Due to the nature of the research, the investigators will seek a waiver of informed consent as has been done in similar studies at our institution and others. At this point, eligible children will be considered enrolled. For children enrolled during the intervention period, providers will be presented with a detailed decision support strategy which encourages - but does not require - use of the PIBIS to make clinical decision re: the need for neuroimaging. For children enrolled during the control period, no other clinical decision support will occur. The duration of this evaluation period will be 24 months.

Completion of nurse powerform, data collection and physician alert/powerform with score calculation and recommendations.

The intervention is the presence of the PIBIS physician alert and powerform, which is clinical decision support for the treating provider if a patient meets inclusion criteria for Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score (PIBIS) calculation.

Children identified as eligible by Cerner and confirmed by the nurse powerform as eligible for PIBIS will also be determined to be eligible after chart review and discussion with the clinician (which is how eligibility was determined during the validation study). The primary outcome will be the concordance between these two methods of determining eligibility. A concordance of >90% is the goal.

The proportion of children eligible for PIBIS who have a PIBIS score calculated and in whom the provider follows the recommendation by PIBIS OR documents in the EHR the clinical reasoning why they are NOT following the recommendation (e.g. patient being admitted, in-patient team will make decision).

Proportion of children who undergo neuroimaging (head CT or brain MRI) during the control and intervention periods

The proportion of children eligible for PIBIS who undergo neuroimaging (head CT or brain MRI) during the control and intervention periods

Proportion of neuroimaging which demonstrates an abnormality during the control and intervention periods

Proportion of neuroimaging which demonstrates an abnormality during the control and intervention periods

Proportion of all children with each PIBIS score who are ultimately diagnosed with physical abuse by the CHP Child Protection Team

Proportion of all children with each PIBIS score who are ultimately diagnosed with physical abuse by the CHP Child Protection Team

The number of enrolled children who return to the ED within 6 months of enrollment and undergo neuroimaging.

The number of enrolled children who return to the ED within 6 months of enrollment and undergo neuroimaging.

Inclusion Criteria: Age 30 days to less than 1 year Chief complaint of Apnea, BRUE, Fussiness or Irritability, Lethargy, Neurologic complaint, Poor Feeding-Acute, Seizures/Spells, or Vomiting Alone First temperature in the ED less than or equal to 38.3C Acuity level/ESI of 3, 4, or 5 Exclusion Criteria: History of trauma related to this ED encounter Parent reported temperature of greater than 38.3C in the prior 24 hours Prior abnormal neuroimaging Previously enrolled in this study within preceding 28 days Provider preference for any reason