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Development and Evaluation of Computerized Olfactory Training Program for Cognitive Decline in Early Alzheimer's Disease

Primary Purpose

Mild Cognitive Impairment, Early Alzheimer's Disease, Memory Impairment

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Phase 2
Locations
United States
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
COT
Sham
Sponsored by
Evon Medics LLC
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional prevention trial for Mild Cognitive Impairment focused on measuring Cognition, Memory, Alzheimer's Disease, Computerized Olfactory Training Device

Eligibility Criteria

55 Years - 95 Years (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Age 55-95 years; female must be post-menopausal for ≥ 2 consecutive years
  2. Probable mild AD according to the core clinical criteria outlined in the National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) Guidelines
  3. MMSE score between the range of 21 to 27; CDR score of 1.0 (mild AD); scores on Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Recall) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS) within the recommended education-adjusted ranges
  4. Have either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 levels that are consistent with Alzheimer's disease as measured via mass spectrometry by C2N, or document elevated amyloid burden consistent with Alzheimer's disease from positron emission tomography (PET) imaging
  5. Screening MRI without evidence of infection, infarction, or other focal lesions of neurological disease; and no significant nasal disease.
  6. All participants must have a study partner with normal cognitive function.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Any significant neurologic disease
  2. Major psychiatric disorder within the past 2 years
  3. Substance use disorder within the past 2 years
  4. Any unstable medical condition
  5. Contraindications to MRI
  6. Any Alzheimer's disease modifying therapy (DMT) in the past 6 months
  7. Antipsychotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, and other antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or other psychotropic medications and blood thinners, except for aspirin at a prophylactic dose or less.

Sites / Locations

  • Clinics of Dr. Edwin Chapman @ MHDGRecruiting
  • Family and Medical Counseling Service, IncRecruiting
  • Howard University (HU)Recruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Active Comparator

Sham Comparator

Arm Label

Computerized Olfactory Training (COT) Device with olfactory stimulants

Sham/COT Device

Arm Description

COT device with olfactory stimulants consists of daily 40 cycles of intervention with a combination of olfactory stimulation and training tasks, lasting ~45 minutes, delivered once daily over 6 months period by the participant or their partner/caregiver.

This is COT device that uses compressed room air scented with phenylethylamine (rose scent) instead of olfactory stimulants and has shape pattern matching tasks instead of cognitive tasks, in order to blind users to their treatment assignment. Similar to the COT, sham COT will be used daily for 45 minutes.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall)
Measures patient's ability to recall information after a 20 to 30 minutes delay for story b from the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (0-25). Higher scores indicate better performance. This is use for evaluation of forgetting or memory decay.
Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall)
Measures patient's ability to recall information after a 20 to 30 minutes delay for story b from the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (0-25). Higher scores indicate better performance. This is use for evaluation of forgetting or memory decay.
Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall)
Measures patient's ability to recall information after a 20 to 30 minutes delay for story b from the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (0-25). Higher scores indicate better performance. This is use for evaluation of forgetting or memory decay.
ADCS-PACC composite score
Combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function and global cognition. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) PACC (ADAS-PACC) is a composite score of: The Total Recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (range from 0-48 points), The Delayed Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale (range from 0-25 points), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (range from 0-93 points), and the MMSE score (range from 0-30 points). Each of the component change scores is divided by the baseline sample standard deviation of that component, to form standardized z scores. These z scores are summed to form the composite. Z Scores could range from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.
ADCS-PACC composite score
Combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function and global cognition. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) PACC (ADAS-PACC) is a composite score of: The Total Recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (range from 0-48 points), The Delayed Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale (range from 0-25 points), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (range from 0-93 points), and the MMSE score (range from 0-30 points). Each of the component change scores is divided by the baseline sample standard deviation of that component, to form standardized z scores. These z scores are summed to form the composite. Z Scores could range from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.
ADCS-PACC composite score
Combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function and global cognition. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) PACC (ADAS-PACC) is a composite score of: The Total Recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (range from 0-48 points), The Delayed Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale (range from 0-25 points), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (range from 0-93 points), and the MMSE score (range from 0-30 points). Each of the component change scores is divided by the baseline sample standard deviation of that component, to form standardized z scores. These z scores are summed to form the composite. Z Scores could range from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.
Olfactory Psychophysical Tasks scores
Using Sniffin' sticks, defines patient's olfactory threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I). Scores: Male and Female threshold score (1-16); Male and Female discrimination score (4-16); Identification score (male: 3-16; female: 4-16); Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI) composite score (male: 9-44; female: 11-43). Higher score indicates better olfactory performance.
Olfactory Psychophysical Tasks scores
Using Sniffin' sticks, defines patient's olfactory threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I). Scores: Male and Female threshold score (1-16); Male and Female discrimination score (4-16); Identification score (male: 3-16; female: 4-16); TDI composite score (male: 9-44; female: 11-43). Higher score indicates better olfactory performance.
Olfactory Psychophysical Tasks scores
Using Sniffin' sticks, defines patient's olfactory threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I). Scores: Male and Female threshold score (1-16); Male and Female discrimination score (4-16); Identification score (male: 3-16; female: 4-16); TDI composite score (male: 9-44; female: 11-43). Higher score indicates better olfactory performance.
Changes in cortical thickness and grey matter volumes
Defines as MRI imaging changes of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Changes in subfield segmentations of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Using the Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal subfields looking for changes in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

Secondary Outcome Measures

Changes in the scores of Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB)
Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) is a combination of widely used clinical neuropsychological tests measuring memory and executive function. he total Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) executive function is a composite score obtained from averaging the following three z-scores from the NTB: Wechsler Memory Scale Digit Span, Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT), and Category Fluency Test (CFT). The range in z scores is from -3 to 3; higher scores indicating less executive function deficit.
Changes in the scores of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) measures cognitive function and includes tests of orientation, attention, memory, language and visual-spatial skills. MMSE range 0 - 30; higher scores indicating less deficit.
Changes in the scores of CDR scale (CDR)
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) is a 5- point scale used to characterize six domains of cognitive and functional performance (Memory, Orientation, Judgment & Problem Solving, Community Affairs, Home & Hobbies, and Personal Care) applicable to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. CDR Score is the sum of boxes scores range from 0 - 18; higher scores indicating worse deficit.
Changes in the scores of Global Deterioration Scale(GDS)
GDS provides an overview of the stages of cognitive function for those suffering from primary degenerative dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores range from 0 - 30; higher scores indicating worse depression.
Changes in the scores of Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL)
ADCS-ADL is used for assessment of patient's ability to perform activities of daily living. ADCS-ADL is a 23-item activities of daily with score range from 0 - 78; lower scores indicating greater impairment.
Changes in the scores of Quality of Life scale (QOL)
QOL measures satisfaction, perceptions of control, involvement, commitment and work-life balance, in terms of one's personal perception. QOL-AD score ranges from 13 - 52; higher scores indicating less deficit.
Changes in odor discrimination scores
Odor discrimination score defines patient's ability to detect differences between odors.
Changes in the grey matter volumes of other structures of the primary olfactory cortex
Primary olfactory region images will use MPRAGE MRI sequence for grey matter volume
Changes in the cortical thickness of other structures of the primary olfactory cortex
Primary olfactory region images will use MPRAGE MRI sequence for cortical thickness

Full Information

First Posted
September 28, 2021
Last Updated
May 12, 2022
Sponsor
Evon Medics LLC
Collaborators
Howard University, Family and Medical Counseling Service, Inc, Medical Home Development Group, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Johns Hopkins University
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05122598
Brief Title
Development and Evaluation of Computerized Olfactory Training Program for Cognitive Decline in Early Alzheimer's Disease
Official Title
Development and Evaluation of Computerized Olfactory Training Program (COT) for Cognitive Decline in Early Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
May 2022
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
November 15, 2021 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
April 1, 2023 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
April 30, 2023 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
Evon Medics LLC
Collaborators
Howard University, Family and Medical Counseling Service, Inc, Medical Home Development Group, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Johns Hopkins University

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
Yes
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.
No
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to determine whether daily treatment with this new treatment approach, called COT would be effective in protecting the memory and brain regions of people who are already showing signs of memory loss.
Detailed Description
Alzheimer's disease process starts in parts of the brain used for perceiving and interpreting smell many years before people begin to lose their memory and other cognitive functions. These parts of the brain are called the "olfactory regions." From these olfactory regions, Alzheimer's disease spread to involve other parts of the brain. Scientists have shown that stimulating the olfactory regions through exposure to multiple naturally occurring essential or plant oils help to reduce the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease in animals. Also, many components from these plant oils have been shown to protect nerve cells from various kinds of stress and injuries; and we say they are 'neuroprotective'. A novel home-based olfactory chemosensory stimulation program that uses a portable, programmed, device known as the Computerized Olfactory Training (COT) program, administers olfactory psychophysical tasks while patients are being stimulated repeatedly with neuroprotective olfactory stimulants, using neuroscience-guided stimulation parameters to ensure sustained activation of all primary and secondary olfactory structures.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Mild Cognitive Impairment, Early Alzheimer's Disease, Memory Impairment
Keywords
Cognition, Memory, Alzheimer's Disease, Computerized Olfactory Training Device

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Prevention
Study Phase
Phase 2
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Masking
ParticipantCare ProviderInvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
200 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Computerized Olfactory Training (COT) Device with olfactory stimulants
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Arm Description
COT device with olfactory stimulants consists of daily 40 cycles of intervention with a combination of olfactory stimulation and training tasks, lasting ~45 minutes, delivered once daily over 6 months period by the participant or their partner/caregiver.
Arm Title
Sham/COT Device
Arm Type
Sham Comparator
Arm Description
This is COT device that uses compressed room air scented with phenylethylamine (rose scent) instead of olfactory stimulants and has shape pattern matching tasks instead of cognitive tasks, in order to blind users to their treatment assignment. Similar to the COT, sham COT will be used daily for 45 minutes.
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
COT
Other Intervention Name(s)
COT with olfactory stimulants
Intervention Description
The COT with proprietary odorant molecules is designed to stimulate olfactory neural activity over long periods of time combined with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dependent olfactory tasks.
Intervention Type
Drug
Intervention Name(s)
Sham
Other Intervention Name(s)
Sham COT
Intervention Description
Sham COT uses artificially scented compressed room air instead of olfactory stimulants and has control cognitive olfactory tasks.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall)
Description
Measures patient's ability to recall information after a 20 to 30 minutes delay for story b from the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (0-25). Higher scores indicate better performance. This is use for evaluation of forgetting or memory decay.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall)
Description
Measures patient's ability to recall information after a 20 to 30 minutes delay for story b from the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (0-25). Higher scores indicate better performance. This is use for evaluation of forgetting or memory decay.
Time Frame
6 months
Title
Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Paragraph Recall)
Description
Measures patient's ability to recall information after a 20 to 30 minutes delay for story b from the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (0-25). Higher scores indicate better performance. This is use for evaluation of forgetting or memory decay.
Time Frame
9 months
Title
ADCS-PACC composite score
Description
Combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function and global cognition. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) PACC (ADAS-PACC) is a composite score of: The Total Recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (range from 0-48 points), The Delayed Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale (range from 0-25 points), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (range from 0-93 points), and the MMSE score (range from 0-30 points). Each of the component change scores is divided by the baseline sample standard deviation of that component, to form standardized z scores. These z scores are summed to form the composite. Z Scores could range from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
ADCS-PACC composite score
Description
Combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function and global cognition. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) PACC (ADAS-PACC) is a composite score of: The Total Recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (range from 0-48 points), The Delayed Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale (range from 0-25 points), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (range from 0-93 points), and the MMSE score (range from 0-30 points). Each of the component change scores is divided by the baseline sample standard deviation of that component, to form standardized z scores. These z scores are summed to form the composite. Z Scores could range from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.
Time Frame
6 months
Title
ADCS-PACC composite score
Description
Combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function and global cognition. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) PACC (ADAS-PACC) is a composite score of: The Total Recall score from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) (range from 0-48 points), The Delayed Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale (range from 0-25 points), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (range from 0-93 points), and the MMSE score (range from 0-30 points). Each of the component change scores is divided by the baseline sample standard deviation of that component, to form standardized z scores. These z scores are summed to form the composite. Z Scores could range from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.
Time Frame
9 months
Title
Olfactory Psychophysical Tasks scores
Description
Using Sniffin' sticks, defines patient's olfactory threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I). Scores: Male and Female threshold score (1-16); Male and Female discrimination score (4-16); Identification score (male: 3-16; female: 4-16); Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI) composite score (male: 9-44; female: 11-43). Higher score indicates better olfactory performance.
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Olfactory Psychophysical Tasks scores
Description
Using Sniffin' sticks, defines patient's olfactory threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I). Scores: Male and Female threshold score (1-16); Male and Female discrimination score (4-16); Identification score (male: 3-16; female: 4-16); TDI composite score (male: 9-44; female: 11-43). Higher score indicates better olfactory performance.
Time Frame
6 months
Title
Olfactory Psychophysical Tasks scores
Description
Using Sniffin' sticks, defines patient's olfactory threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I). Scores: Male and Female threshold score (1-16); Male and Female discrimination score (4-16); Identification score (male: 3-16; female: 4-16); TDI composite score (male: 9-44; female: 11-43). Higher score indicates better olfactory performance.
Time Frame
9 months
Title
Changes in cortical thickness and grey matter volumes
Description
Defines as MRI imaging changes of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Time Frame
Baseline and 9 months
Title
Changes in subfield segmentations of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Description
Using the Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal subfields looking for changes in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Time Frame
Baseline and 9 months
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Changes in the scores of Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB)
Description
Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) is a combination of widely used clinical neuropsychological tests measuring memory and executive function. he total Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) executive function is a composite score obtained from averaging the following three z-scores from the NTB: Wechsler Memory Scale Digit Span, Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT), and Category Fluency Test (CFT). The range in z scores is from -3 to 3; higher scores indicating less executive function deficit.
Time Frame
Baseline, 6 months and 9 months
Title
Changes in the scores of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Description
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) measures cognitive function and includes tests of orientation, attention, memory, language and visual-spatial skills. MMSE range 0 - 30; higher scores indicating less deficit.
Time Frame
Baseline, 6 months and 9 months
Title
Changes in the scores of CDR scale (CDR)
Description
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) is a 5- point scale used to characterize six domains of cognitive and functional performance (Memory, Orientation, Judgment & Problem Solving, Community Affairs, Home & Hobbies, and Personal Care) applicable to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. CDR Score is the sum of boxes scores range from 0 - 18; higher scores indicating worse deficit.
Time Frame
Baseline, 6 months and 9 months
Title
Changes in the scores of Global Deterioration Scale(GDS)
Description
GDS provides an overview of the stages of cognitive function for those suffering from primary degenerative dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores range from 0 - 30; higher scores indicating worse depression.
Time Frame
Baseline, 6 months and 9 months
Title
Changes in the scores of Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL)
Description
ADCS-ADL is used for assessment of patient's ability to perform activities of daily living. ADCS-ADL is a 23-item activities of daily with score range from 0 - 78; lower scores indicating greater impairment.
Time Frame
Baseline, 6 months and 9 months
Title
Changes in the scores of Quality of Life scale (QOL)
Description
QOL measures satisfaction, perceptions of control, involvement, commitment and work-life balance, in terms of one's personal perception. QOL-AD score ranges from 13 - 52; higher scores indicating less deficit.
Time Frame
Baseline, 6 months and 9 months
Title
Changes in odor discrimination scores
Description
Odor discrimination score defines patient's ability to detect differences between odors.
Time Frame
Baseline, 9 months
Title
Changes in the grey matter volumes of other structures of the primary olfactory cortex
Description
Primary olfactory region images will use MPRAGE MRI sequence for grey matter volume
Time Frame
Baseline, 9 months
Title
Changes in the cortical thickness of other structures of the primary olfactory cortex
Description
Primary olfactory region images will use MPRAGE MRI sequence for cortical thickness
Time Frame
Baseline, 9 months

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
55 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
95 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Age 55-95 years; female must be post-menopausal for ≥ 2 consecutive years Probable mild AD according to the core clinical criteria outlined in the National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) Guidelines MMSE score between the range of 21 to 27; CDR score of 1.0 (mild AD); scores on Logical Memory II subscale (Delayed Recall) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS) within the recommended education-adjusted ranges Have either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 levels that are consistent with Alzheimer's disease as measured via mass spectrometry by C2N, or document elevated amyloid burden consistent with Alzheimer's disease from positron emission tomography (PET) imaging Screening MRI without evidence of infection, infarction, or other focal lesions of neurological disease; and no significant nasal disease. All participants must have a study partner with normal cognitive function. Exclusion Criteria: Any significant neurologic disease Major psychiatric disorder within the past 2 years Substance use disorder within the past 2 years Any unstable medical condition Contraindications to MRI Any Alzheimer's disease modifying therapy (DMT) in the past 6 months Antipsychotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, and other antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or other psychotropic medications and blood thinners, except for aspirin at a prophylactic dose or less.
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Evaristus Nwulia, MD
Phone
410-227-2005
Email
enwulia@evonmedics.org
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Maria Hipolito, MD
Phone
571-241-2766
Email
mhipolito@evonmedics.org
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Evaristus Nwulia, MD
Organizational Affiliation
Evon Medics LLC
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Clinics of Dr. Edwin Chapman @ MHDG
City
Washington
State/Province
District of Columbia
ZIP/Postal Code
20002
Country
United States
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Edwin Chapman, MD
Phone
202-396-8550
Email
echap1647@aol.com
Facility Name
Family and Medical Counseling Service, Inc
City
Washington
State/Province
District of Columbia
ZIP/Postal Code
20020
Country
United States
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Michael Serlin, MD
Phone
202-889-7900
Ext
573
Email
mserlin@fmcsinc.org]
Facility Name
Howard University (HU)
City
Washington
State/Province
District of Columbia
ZIP/Postal Code
20060
Country
United States
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Thomas O Obisesan, MD
Phone
202-865-6100
Email
tobisesan@howard.edu

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No

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Development and Evaluation of Computerized Olfactory Training Program for Cognitive Decline in Early Alzheimer's Disease

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