Balance and Gait in Diabetic Neuropathy

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of neuropathic pain due to type 2 diabetes on balance and gait. The study is a prospective controlled study. The study is being carried out at the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Center Gait Analysis Laboratory Unit in Turkey. Individuals diagnosed with neuropathic pain due to Type 2 Diabetes and individuals with diabetes without neuropathic pain are included in the study by clinical examination and tests by a physician. At the same time, healthy individuals are participating as the control group. There will 3 groups in the study : Group 1: Individuals diagnosed with neuropathic pain due to type 2 diabetes (n=14) Group 2: Individuals with type 2 diabetes but no neuropathic pain (n=14) Group 3: Healthy control group (n=14) Assessments: Individual and clinical characteristics of individuals: age, gender, height, body weight, marital status, education level, duration of complaints, and dominant side. Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) Pain Questionnaire Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Gait analysis Static and dynamic balance The data will be analyzed using the statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The data will be expressed as mean standard deviation (X±SD) and number (n%). The homogeneity of the groups will be evaluated with the Levene Test. Balance, plantar pressure, and walking values between the groups will be compared using the Kruskal Wallis Test. All the statistical analyses will be set a priori at an alpha level of p<0.05.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in the insulin hormone. The most common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include diabetic peripheral neuropathy, which results in hyperglycemia, polyuria, muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling sensations in the extremities. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes, is characterized by damage to sensory and motor nerve fibers caused by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, seen in approximately 50% of diabetic patients. In diabetic peripheral neuropathy, there is an impairment in the conduction of afferent and efferent fibers. Thus, decreased muscle strength, weakening in postural control, and tactile sensation loss occurs compared to healthy individuals. Pain is one of the most common problems in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain and paresthesia increase especially at night in the lower extremities. Diabetic neuropathic pain results in different physical problems such as the increased risk of falling, loss of balance and coordination while standing or walking, susceptibility to injuries due to sensory loss, sleep disorders, and fatigue. Gait disorders are one of the complications seen in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Neuromuscular damage due to neuropathy causes alterations in the biomechanics of the lower extremities, and thus, deterioration in the time-distance characteristics of gait such as stride length, stride width, double and single support period. Studies report that increased dynamic mediolateral and anteroposterior swing cause postural instability. Falls caused by lack of postural control and gait disorders are 15 times more common in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy than in healthy individuals. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the balance and calculate the risk of falling. In the literature, although studies are examining kinetic analyzes of gait in patients with diabetic neuropathy, few studies were evaluating kinematic analyzes and stability limits. In addition, the balance and gait parameters of patients with neuropathy were compared with healthy individuals in studies, but no study compared with diabetic patients without neuropathy. Therefore, the aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of neuropathic pain due to type 2 diabetes on balance and gait. METHODS The study is a prospective controlled study. The study is being carried out at the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Center Gait Analysis Laboratory Unit in Ankara-Turkey. Individuals diagnosed with neuropathic pain due to Type 2 Diabetes and individuals with diabetes without neuropathic pain are included in the study by clinical examination and tests by a physician. At the same time, healthy individuals are participating as the control group. The groups will: Group 1: Individuals diagnosed with neuropathic pain due to type 2 diabetes (n=14) Group 2: Individuals with type 2 diabetes but no neuropathic pain (n=14) Group 3: Healthy control group (n=14) A written informed consent form is being obtained from all individuals. Inclusion criteria for individuals with neuropathic pain due to type 2 diabetes: Being between the ages of 40-65 Taking 4 points or more from the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire Taking 12 points or more from the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (LANSS) scale Inclusion criteria for individuals with type 2 diabetes but no neuropathic pain: Being between the ages of 40-65 Taking below 4 points from the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire Taking below 12 points from the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (LANSS) scale Inclusion criteria of healthy individuals in the study: Being between the ages of 40-65 Have no pain (Taking 1 point or less according to the Visual Pain Scale) Exclusion criteria: Having a complaint of pain from different etiology Having a diabetic foot ulcer Presence of neurological disease that may cause central neuropathic pain such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis Had orthopedic surgery in the last six months Having vision problems related to diabetes Had a diagnosis of vestibular disorders (Bening Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Meniere's Disease, etc.) Having chronic pain syndrome such as Fibromyalgia Syndrome Assessments Information Form: The researchers record individual and clinical characteristics of individuals such as age, gender, height, body weight, marital status, education level, duration of complaints, and dominant side. Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4): DN4 is a scale consisting of 10 questions evaluating neuropathic pain. Seven items are related to pain symptoms and three items include a clinical examination. The scale asks whether patients have burning, painful cold, electric shock, tingling, prickling, numbness, and itching. In addition, sensory changes in the patient are examined with cotton, pins, and brushing. While 1 point is given for each item in scoring, a score of 4 or more indicates the presence of neuropathic pain. Taking 4 points or more from the DN4 is one of the criteria for identifying neuropathic pain in the study. Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS): The LANSS is a validated questionnaire that consists of 7 items, can distinguish neuropathic pain from nociceptive pain, and is easy to score in clinical settings. The first part of the scale consists of 5 items questioning the pain symptoms and answered as yes or no. The patient is asked to think about the pain he or she has felt during the past week. In the second part, the presence of allodynia and the sharp-blunt threshold value is evaluated by sensory examination. The questionnaire is calculated between 0-24 points. Twelve points and above indicates neuropathic pain. Taking below 12 points from the LANSS scale is one of the criteria for identifying neuropathic pain in the study. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): VAS is a scale that evaluates pain on a horizontal 100 mm line. On the line, the left side indicates 'no pain' and the right side indicates 'the most severe pain imaginable. Healthy individuals are asked to mark a point on the line according to the severity of the pain they feel. Gait analysis: Zebris Rehawalk (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) computerized gait evaluation system is used to assess the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the gait. The dynamic foot pressure distribution is also analyzed with the pedobarography integrated into this system. The system consists of a treadmill and a computer. For gait assessment, patients walk at their preferred comfortable walking speed. In the evaluation, joint angles, walking speed, step lengths,right-left and anterior-posterior weight transfer, left-right foot rotation, lateral mobility, the center of gravity movement, and swing area are recorded. Evaluation time is approximately 5 minutes. Balance: Static and dynamic balance and stability limit values are evaluated with the E-LINK FP3 Force Plate (Biometrics Ltd, United Kingdom) system. For static balance measurement, individuals are asked to place their feet on the marked places on the platform and hold an object on the computer screen at a fixed point for 30 seconds without support from their hands. For dynamic balance, individuals need to follow a moving object on the computer screen for 30 seconds by putting their body weight forward, backward, and sideways with their feet. The device gives the balance value as a printout by calculating the deviation rate of the individual from the target and the risk of falling forward, backward, and sideways. The measurement takes an average of 10 minutes. Statistical Analysis For the sample size calculation G*Power Ver. 3.0.10 (Franz Faul, Universität Kiel, Germany) was used. Step length is the primer outcome of the study from the reference article. The analysis was carried out with an effective width of f=0.59, a power of 90%, and a margin of error of 0.05. It was found that 14 individuals in all three groups and a total of 42 individuals should be included in the study. The data of the study will be analyzed by using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Descriptive data will be given as mean and standard deviation if numerical variables provide the parametric assumption, if not, median and minimum-maximum values will be given. Qualitative variables will be given with frequency and percentage values. Kruskal Wallis Test will be used for the comparison of independent samples. All the statistical analyses will be set a priori at an alpha level of p<0.05

Individuals between the ages of 40-65 Individuals who take 4 points or more from the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire Individuals who take 12 points or more from the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (LANSS) scale

Individuals between the ages of 40-65 Individuals who take 4 points from the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire Individuals who take 12 points from the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (LANSS) scale

Individuals between the ages of 40-65 Individuals who have no pain (Taking 1 point or less according to the Visual Pain Scale)

Gait analysis Zebris Rehawalk (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) computerized gait evaluation system is used to assess the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the gait. The system consists of a treadmill and a computer. For gait assessment, patients walk at their preferred comfortable walking speed.

Static and dynamic balance Static and dynamic balance and stability limit values are evaluated with the E-LINK FP3 Force Plate (Biometrics Ltd, United Kingdom) system. The device consists of a computer and a platform on which individuals can place their feet. For static balance measurement, individuals are asked to place their feet on the marked places on the platform and hold an object on the computer screen at a fixed point for 30 seconds without support from their hands. For dynamic balance, individuals need to follow a moving object on the computer screen for 30 seconds by putting their body weight forward, backward, and sideways with their feet.

Zebris Rehawalk (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) computerized gait evaluation system is used to assess the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the gait. The dynamic foot pressure distribution is analyzed with the pedobarography integrated into this system. The system consists of a treadmill and a computer. While the computer automatically detects the patient's hip, knee, and ankle, measures an individual's foot pressure on the ground. For gait assessment, patients walk at their preferred comfortable walking speed.

Zebris Rehawalk (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) computerized gait evaluation system is used to assess the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the gait. The dynamic foot pressure distribution is analyzed with the pedobarography integrated into this system. The system consists of a treadmill and a computer. While the computer automatically detects the patient's hip, knee, and ankle, measures an individual's foot pressure on the ground. For gait assessment, patients walk at their preferred comfortable walking speed.

Zebris Rehawalk (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) computerized gait evaluation system is used to assess the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the gait. The dynamic foot pressure distribution is analyzed with the pedobarography integrated into this system. The system consists of a treadmill and a computer. While the computer automatically detects the patient's hip, knee, and ankle, measures an individual's foot pressure on the ground. For gait assessment, patients walk at their preferred comfortable walking speed.

Zebris Rehawalk (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) computerized gait evaluation system is used to assess the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the gait. The dynamic foot pressure distribution is analyzed with the pedobarography integrated into this system. The system consists of a treadmill and a computer. While the computer automatically detects the patient's hip, knee, and ankle, measures an individual's foot pressure on the ground. For gait assessment, patients walk at their preferred comfortable walking speed.

Static and dynamic balance and stability limit values are evaluated with the E-LINK FP3 Force Plate (Biometrics Ltd, United Kingdom) system. The device consists of a computer and a platform on which individuals can place their feet. For static balance measurement, individuals are asked to place their feet on the marked places on the platform and hold an object on the computer screen at a fixed point for 30 seconds without support from their hands. The device gives the balance value as a printout by calculating the deviation rate of the individual from the target and the risk of falling forward, backward, and sideways.

Static and dynamic balance and stability limit values are evaluated with the E-LINK FP3 Force Plate (Biometrics Ltd, United Kingdom) system. The device consists of a computer and a platform on which individuals can place their feet. For dynamic balance, individuals need to follow a moving object on the computer screen for 30 seconds by putting their body weight forward, backward, and sideways with their feet. The device gives the balance value as a printout by calculating the deviation rate of the individual from the target and the risk of falling forward, backward, and sideways.

Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria for individuals with neuropathic pain due to type 2 diabetes: Being between the ages of 40-65 Taking 4 points or more from the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire Taking 12 points or more from the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (LANSS) scale Inclusion criteria for individuals with type 2 diabetes but no neuropathic pain: Being between the ages of 40-65 Taking below 4 points from the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire Taking below 12 points from the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (LANSS) scale Inclusion criteria of healthy individuals in the study: Being between the ages of 40-65 Have no pain (Taking 1 point or less according to the Visual Pain Scale) Exclusion Criteria: Having a complaint of pain from different etiology Having a diabetic foot ulcer Presence of neurological disease that may cause central neuropathic pain such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis Had orthopedic surgery in the last six months Having vision problems related to diabetes Had a diagnosis of vestibular disorders (Bening Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Meniere's Disease, etc.) Having chronic pain syndrome such as Fibromyalgia Syndrome

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