Flexible URS in Management of Renal Stones in Anomalous Kidney

The urotheliasis is a common problem encountered daily by all urologists worldwide with rates up to 13% in North America, 9% in Europe and 5% in Asia . The urotheliasis is treated by conservation, medical treatment and surgery according to many factors . Anomalies in the kidney happens due to failure in ascending , fusion, rotation or all together, horse-shoe kidney is the most common example , found in one of 400 patients . PCNL and URS are the golden standard method for stone extraction worldwide, since their introduction 1975 by Fernstrom and Johansson & Arthur Smith respectively in normal kidney .Since the development of the endourological procedures and instrument , continuous updates and upgrades have been applied ,such as enhancing the optical systems ,reducing the diameter, navigation (deflection angles) and stone fragmentation .Stone treatment in anomalous kidney is more demanding, requires more skills and training . The flexible ureterorenoscopy has some problems first the cost but this problem is being now solved by the use of disposable scopes , second the skills it requires , third the possibility of sepsis is higher . To our knowledge most of the studies in the literature are retrospective, carrying some weakness in them. There is no agreed-upon therapeutic method for treatment of stones in anomalous kidney so the investigators will evaluate the role of F-URS in a prospective study.

Endourology, Stones, Kidney, Laser, Congenital Disorders, Horseshoe Kidney, Malrotation of Kidney, Ectopic Kidney

patients having stones in abnormal anatomy , example horse-shoe kidney ,malrotation, crossed fusion , duplex collecting system. The stone size is 1 cm to 2.5 cm or 3.5 cm with variable density , located in calyx or the pelvis , single or multiple. the patient complain may be abdominal pain , loin pain, uremic symptoms .ct-kub non contrast , full lab & fitness before the operation.

Inclusion Criteria: Males and females age above 15 years. Renal and ureteric stones either single or multiple wherever the site and site. Pelvi-uretreic junction obstruction Previous stented ureter. Poorly functioning kidney. Single functioning kidney. Chronic kidney disease patient not on dialysis. Previous operation in this kidney. failed ESWL. Exclusion Criteria: Not fit for surgery. Uncontrolled bleeding diathesis. Untreated preoperative urinary tract infection (UTI). non function kidney skeletal abnormality

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