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Effect of General and Non-general Anesthesia on Perioperative Depression or Anxiety

Primary Purpose

Depression, Anxiety

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
China
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
anesthesia approach (general anesthesia or non-general anesthesia)
Sponsored by
Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Depression, Anxiety focused on measuring perioperative anxiety or depression, general anesthesia, salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, stress response, non-general anesthesia

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - 60 Years (Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Patients aged between 18 to 60 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II, who will be scheduled to receive anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of knee joint for the first time. The operation time is less than 2 hours (from the beginning use of the tourniquet to the release).

Exclusion Criteria:

  • previous history of anxiety or depression or mania; systemic diseases (systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome); taking cortisol or sedative hypnotic drugs; tumor patients; smoking; pregnancy status; diabetes; drinking coffee or alcohol drinks during perioperative period.

Sites / Locations

  • Second Affiliated Hospital of WenZhou Medical UniversityRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

Experimental

Arm Label

General anesthesia group

Non-general anesthesia group

Arm Description

Patients in GA group will receive general anesthesia combined with FNB. All patients received routine anesthesia and surgical protocols. GA will be induced by intravenously administering propofol 2-4 mg/kg, cisatracurium 0.2mg/kg, sufentanil 0.2-0.3 μg/kg and maintained with remifentanil at 0.15-0.2 μg/kg/min and 2%-3% sevoflurane to keep bispectral index (BIS) values at 40 - 60. FNB will be performed under ultrasound-guieded and combined with nerve stimulation. Using an in-plane technique, a 10-cm long 18- gauge (G) Tuohy needle will be inserted in the lateral to medial direction towards the femoral nerve (FN). As the needle is being advanced toward the FN, the nerve stimulator is set at 1 mA, 0.1-millisecond pulse duration, and 2-Hz frequency. When the muscle contraction of the quadriceps muscle is identified, the current is reduced to 0.5 mA. After the negative aspiration, 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.375% is injected.

Patients in NGA group will receive combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA)at L3 to L4 interspace with 3.0 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric ropivacaine followed with FNB , and without sedation. The FNB will be performed under aseptic precautions using ultrasound guidance and nerve stimulation. A high frequency linear ultrasound transducer 5-12 MHz (Sonosite, Inc. Bothell WA 98021 USA) was placed on the inguinal crease to identify the femoral artery and nerve. Using an in-plane technique, a 10-cm long 18- gauge (G) Tuohy needle connected to the nerve stimulator will be inserted in the lateral to medial direction towards the femoral nerve. When the muscle contraction of the quadriceps muscle and negative aspiration are identified, 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.375% is injected. If the CSEA analgesia is invalid (two times of epidural remedial analgesia) , change non-general anesthesia to general anesthesia, and the subjects withdrew from the trial.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

The changes of Hospital anxiety and Depression scale (HADS)
The HADS scale includes two dimensions of anxiety and depression, with a total of 14 questions, 7 questions for anxiety and 7 questions for depression. And the total score is 42. If the score was 0-7, indicating that there was no anxiety / depression; the score was 8-10, suspected anxiety / depression; 11-14, moderate anxiety / depression; the score was 15-21, severe anxiety / depression. If the score is ≥ 8, it will be rated as positive, otherwise it will be rated as negative.
The changes of Salivary cortisol concentration
Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of free Cortisol in human saliva.The patient should not eat, drink, chew gums or brush teeth for 30 min before sampling.Otherwise rinse mouth thoroughly with cold water 5 min prior to sample collection.A minimum of 0.5 mL liquid should be collected. Saliva flow can be stimulated by chewing on a piece of Parafilm.
The changes of Saliva α- amylase activity
Enzymatic assay for the determination of alpha amylase activity in human saliva.The patient should not eat, drink, chew gums or brush teeth for 30 min before sampling.Otherwise rinse mouth thoroughly with cold water 5 min prior to sample collection.A minimum of 0.5 mL liquid should be collected. Saliva flow can be stimulated by chewing on a piece of Parafilm.
The changes of Blood glucose level
Using a glucose meter to check and monitor blood sugar via fingerstick
The changes of swelling rating
The postoperative knee swelling rating on the surgical side is defined as the knee circumference on the surgical side minus the knee circumference on the non-suigical side, both measured in centimeters (cm) at 5.08 cm above the superior border of the patella, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively. The larger value means more severe swelling after surgery.
The changes of skin temperature rating
Skin temperature of the knee is measured at the center of the anterior patella on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Limbs will be exposed to room temperature for 5 minutes bilaterally and then the skin temperature was measured with a skin temperature gun. The skin temperature on the injured side was defined as the skin temperature on the injured side minus the skin temperature on the uninjured side, both measured in degrees centigrade (°C) .
postoperative hospital stay
Duration of postoperative hospital stay

Secondary Outcome Measures

Numeric Rating Scales (NRS) of anesthesia induction
patients who receive general anesthesia will evaluate the pain induced by propofol infusion. patients receive non-general anesthesia will evaluate the puncture pain during CSEA. NRS will be used to assess the intensity of pain, ranged from 0-10, 0 means no pain and 10 means severe pain.
Intraoperative opioid consumption
the consumption of sufentanil and remifentanil during induction and maintain of anesthesia, both will be converted into morphine equivalents
PACU stay
the time of staying in post-anesthesia care unit(PACU), about 30 minutes to 60 minutes after surgery
Post-operative opioid consumptions
postoperative opioid consumption including sufentanil consumptions in PACU and the rescue analgesics (morphine 0.05 mg/kg) when NRS > 3. (sufentanil will be converted into morphine equivalents)
The changes of NRS of postoperative pain
Patients evaluate the pain at rest and on knee flexion after surgery. NRS will be used to assess the intensity of pain, ranged from 0-10, 0 means no pain and 10 means severe pain.
Complications related to general anesthesia
Number of Participants with the complications relaterd to general anesthesia such as intraoperative hypoxemia, postoperative nausea and vomiting , postoperative deliriums, postoperative cognitive dysfunction in each group
Complications related to combined spinal-epidural anesthesia
Number of Participants with the complications relaterd to combined spinal-epidural anesthesia such as postdural puncture headache, backache, transient neurological symptoms, epidural hematoma and abscess, meningitis, arachnoiditis, postoperative urinary retention, local anesthetic systemic toxicity and infection in each group
Complications related to femoral nerve block
Number of Participants with the complications relaterd to femoral nerve block such as nerve injury, hematoma, local anesthetic systemic toxicity and infection in each group
Costs of hospitalization
Costs will be calculated about total standardized costs before healthcare coverage,such as social medical reimbursement or health insurance.Costs will be evaluated in 2022 renminbi (RMB) yuans.

Full Information

First Posted
October 26, 2021
Last Updated
October 11, 2023
Sponsor
Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05315648
Brief Title
Effect of General and Non-general Anesthesia on Perioperative Depression or Anxiety
Official Title
The Associations Between Perioperative Depression or Anxiety, Salivary Cortisol and α-amylase, and Administered Anesthesia Type in Knee Arthroscopy With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR): Prospective, Randomized Trial
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
October 2023
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
October 20, 2021 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
October 31, 2023 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
December 10, 2023 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Principal Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
No

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Perioperative depression and/or anxiety play a critical role in patient presentation, satisfaction and outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess the level of perioperative depression and/or anxiety in patients with arthroscopic knee surgery and to evaluate their relationship with anesthesia approach (general anesthesia or non general anesthesia). The perioperative characteristic of depression or anxiety is assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires and the level of salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase (sAA) and blood glucose.
Detailed Description
The incidence of perioperative anxiety has been reported to range from 11% to 80% among adult patients. Perioperative depression and/or anxiety may increase the risk of poor postoperative outcomes including increased morbidity and mortality , increased health care utilization, increased opioid consumptions and pain scores, and decreased quality of recovery. Previous studies have found that worrying about postoperative pain, unease of separation from family, loss of selfcare and work ability, fear of surgery and even death are common factors leading to perioperative anxiety symptoms. The investigators found there were not enough studies to gain insights into the public's knowledges, attitudes, and concerns regarding the risks associated with anesthesia. To some, the fear of general anesthesia (GA) remains prevalent, especially with regard to possible brain damage, death, and intraoperative awareness. The others, neuraxial anesthesia was supposed to result in potentially complications, including postdural puncture headache, backache, transient neurological symptoms, epidural hematoma and abscess, meningitis, arachnoiditis, postoperative urinary retention, local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Such fears can even exceed the anxiety about actual surgery. Actually, anesthesia approach can be selected based on patients and anesthesiologists preference. The investigators assumed from clinical experiences that effects of different anesthetic approach and anesthetic drugs on stress reaction, perioperative blood glucose, immunity or neuroendocrine during surgical operation were different, which resulted different prognosis of patients. The perioperative characteristic of depression or anxiety is assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires, salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase (sAA) and blood glucose. Salivary cortisol and a-amylase are produced respectively by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system during stress response, still not included in the routine evaluation of perioperative physiological stress response. The application of these tests require additional and definitive validation. In our study, salivary cortisol and a-amylase are measured as stress biomarkers to examine their associations with anesthetic approach.The correlation between salivary cortisol and serum cortisol was excellent in dynamic tests of adrenal function (dexamethasone suppression, adreno-cortico-tropic-hormone stimulation), in healthy subjects and in patients with adrenal insufficiency, in tests of circadian variation and in randomly collected samples. The rate of equilibrium of cortisol between blood and saliva was very fast, being less than 5 minutes. Since only free levels of cortisol are detected in saliva, salivary cortisol is suggested to be a more appropriate measure for the clinical assessment of adrenocortical function than serum cortisol. sAA has been proposed as a sensitive biomarker for stress-related changes in the body that reflect the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, and a growing body of research is accumulating to support the validity and reliability of this parameter. Numerous studies applying stress protocols have demonstrated that salivary a-amylase is highly sensitive to stress-related changes. The investigators are trying to recruit patients who are scheduled to undergo knee arthroscopy with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) for the first time. Those patients will be randomly assigned to general anesthesia (GA) group or non-general anesthesia (NGA) group. Patients in GA group will received general anesthesia combined with femoral nerve block (FNB). Patients in NGA group will received neuraxial anesthesia combined with FNB, and without sedation. All patients received routine anesthesia and surgical protocols and will be sent to the postoperative recovery unit (PACU) after surgery. Intraoperative vital signs, analgesic usage, and duration of surgery were recorded. The primary outcomes are HADS scores , salivary cortisol, sAA, blood glucose,swelling ratings postoperatively, temperature ratings postoperatively and hospital stay. Secondary outcomes are analgesic usage intraoperative and postoperative, anesthesia induction pain score, postoperative pain score, duration of stay in the recovery unit, incidences of complications about relevant anesthesia. The Patients Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item scale (7 items each for anxiety and depression), with each item scored from 0 to 3. Salivary cortisol, sAA and blood glucose levels will be tested in the morning one day before operation (T0), on the day of operation (T1), 2 hours after operation (T2), the first morning after operation (T3), the second morning after operation (T4). The investigators will conduct subgroup analysis based on the patients' anesthesia wishes (conform to patient's wishes, against patient's wishes, no original opinion) to address the influence of anaesthesia practice and perioperative stress response.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Depression, Anxiety
Keywords
perioperative anxiety or depression, general anesthesia, salivary cortisol, salivary α-amylase, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, stress response, non-general anesthesia

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio into two groups, group GA and group NGA, using a random number generator. This allocation will be written and stored in an opaque, secure envelope. Patients in group GA will receive general anesthesia followed by femoral nerve block. Patients in group NGA will receive combined spinal-epidural anesthesia followed by femoral nerve block.
Masking
InvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Masking Description
Both the investigator and the outcomes assessor doing follow-up interviews and extracting data from the electronic medical records will be blinded to group allocation and treatment interventions. The patients know the allocation, cause patients in group NGA will not receive any sedation.
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
118 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
General anesthesia group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Patients in GA group will receive general anesthesia combined with FNB. All patients received routine anesthesia and surgical protocols. GA will be induced by intravenously administering propofol 2-4 mg/kg, cisatracurium 0.2mg/kg, sufentanil 0.2-0.3 μg/kg and maintained with remifentanil at 0.15-0.2 μg/kg/min and 2%-3% sevoflurane to keep bispectral index (BIS) values at 40 - 60. FNB will be performed under ultrasound-guieded and combined with nerve stimulation. Using an in-plane technique, a 10-cm long 18- gauge (G) Tuohy needle will be inserted in the lateral to medial direction towards the femoral nerve (FN). As the needle is being advanced toward the FN, the nerve stimulator is set at 1 mA, 0.1-millisecond pulse duration, and 2-Hz frequency. When the muscle contraction of the quadriceps muscle is identified, the current is reduced to 0.5 mA. After the negative aspiration, 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.375% is injected.
Arm Title
Non-general anesthesia group
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Patients in NGA group will receive combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA)at L3 to L4 interspace with 3.0 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric ropivacaine followed with FNB , and without sedation. The FNB will be performed under aseptic precautions using ultrasound guidance and nerve stimulation. A high frequency linear ultrasound transducer 5-12 MHz (Sonosite, Inc. Bothell WA 98021 USA) was placed on the inguinal crease to identify the femoral artery and nerve. Using an in-plane technique, a 10-cm long 18- gauge (G) Tuohy needle connected to the nerve stimulator will be inserted in the lateral to medial direction towards the femoral nerve. When the muscle contraction of the quadriceps muscle and negative aspiration are identified, 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.375% is injected. If the CSEA analgesia is invalid (two times of epidural remedial analgesia) , change non-general anesthesia to general anesthesia, and the subjects withdrew from the trial.
Intervention Type
Procedure
Intervention Name(s)
anesthesia approach (general anesthesia or non-general anesthesia)
Intervention Description
patients in group GA received general anesthesia followed with FNB. patients in group NGA received CSEA followed with FNB
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
The changes of Hospital anxiety and Depression scale (HADS)
Description
The HADS scale includes two dimensions of anxiety and depression, with a total of 14 questions, 7 questions for anxiety and 7 questions for depression. And the total score is 42. If the score was 0-7, indicating that there was no anxiety / depression; the score was 8-10, suspected anxiety / depression; 11-14, moderate anxiety / depression; the score was 15-21, severe anxiety / depression. If the score is ≥ 8, it will be rated as positive, otherwise it will be rated as negative.
Time Frame
one day before surgery, 1day, 3 days after surgery and 5 days after surgery while in hospital
Title
The changes of Salivary cortisol concentration
Description
Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of free Cortisol in human saliva.The patient should not eat, drink, chew gums or brush teeth for 30 min before sampling.Otherwise rinse mouth thoroughly with cold water 5 min prior to sample collection.A minimum of 0.5 mL liquid should be collected. Saliva flow can be stimulated by chewing on a piece of Parafilm.
Time Frame
on the day of surgery (6 - 8 am), at 2 hours after surgery, the first morning after surgery (6 - 8 am) and the second morning after surgery (6 - 8 am)
Title
The changes of Saliva α- amylase activity
Description
Enzymatic assay for the determination of alpha amylase activity in human saliva.The patient should not eat, drink, chew gums or brush teeth for 30 min before sampling.Otherwise rinse mouth thoroughly with cold water 5 min prior to sample collection.A minimum of 0.5 mL liquid should be collected. Saliva flow can be stimulated by chewing on a piece of Parafilm.
Time Frame
on the day of surgery (6 - 8 am), at 2 hours after surgery, the first morning after surgery (6 - 8 am) and the second morning after surgery (6 - 8 am)
Title
The changes of Blood glucose level
Description
Using a glucose meter to check and monitor blood sugar via fingerstick
Time Frame
on the day of surgery (6 - 8 am), at 2 hours after surgery, one day after surgery (6 - 8 am) and two days after surgery (6 - 8 am)
Title
The changes of swelling rating
Description
The postoperative knee swelling rating on the surgical side is defined as the knee circumference on the surgical side minus the knee circumference on the non-suigical side, both measured in centimeters (cm) at 5.08 cm above the superior border of the patella, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively. The larger value means more severe swelling after surgery.
Time Frame
at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery
Title
The changes of skin temperature rating
Description
Skin temperature of the knee is measured at the center of the anterior patella on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Limbs will be exposed to room temperature for 5 minutes bilaterally and then the skin temperature was measured with a skin temperature gun. The skin temperature on the injured side was defined as the skin temperature on the injured side minus the skin temperature on the uninjured side, both measured in degrees centigrade (°C) .
Time Frame
at 1, 3, and 5 days after surgery.
Title
postoperative hospital stay
Description
Duration of postoperative hospital stay
Time Frame
the time of staying in hospital after surgery, an anticipated hospital stay of at least 3 days
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Numeric Rating Scales (NRS) of anesthesia induction
Description
patients who receive general anesthesia will evaluate the pain induced by propofol infusion. patients receive non-general anesthesia will evaluate the puncture pain during CSEA. NRS will be used to assess the intensity of pain, ranged from 0-10, 0 means no pain and 10 means severe pain.
Time Frame
during the induction of general anesthesia or the puncture of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia intraoperatively
Title
Intraoperative opioid consumption
Description
the consumption of sufentanil and remifentanil during induction and maintain of anesthesia, both will be converted into morphine equivalents
Time Frame
start from the beginning of induction of general anesthesia or the puncture of CSEA to discharge of operation room, average 2 hours
Title
PACU stay
Description
the time of staying in post-anesthesia care unit(PACU), about 30 minutes to 60 minutes after surgery
Time Frame
about 30 minutes to 60 minutes after surgery
Title
Post-operative opioid consumptions
Description
postoperative opioid consumption including sufentanil consumptions in PACU and the rescue analgesics (morphine 0.05 mg/kg) when NRS > 3. (sufentanil will be converted into morphine equivalents)
Time Frame
from arrived at PACU to the first 72 post-operative hours
Title
The changes of NRS of postoperative pain
Description
Patients evaluate the pain at rest and on knee flexion after surgery. NRS will be used to assess the intensity of pain, ranged from 0-10, 0 means no pain and 10 means severe pain.
Time Frame
at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery
Title
Complications related to general anesthesia
Description
Number of Participants with the complications relaterd to general anesthesia such as intraoperative hypoxemia, postoperative nausea and vomiting , postoperative deliriums, postoperative cognitive dysfunction in each group
Time Frame
started from the induction of general anesthesia to the first 72 post-operative hours
Title
Complications related to combined spinal-epidural anesthesia
Description
Number of Participants with the complications relaterd to combined spinal-epidural anesthesia such as postdural puncture headache, backache, transient neurological symptoms, epidural hematoma and abscess, meningitis, arachnoiditis, postoperative urinary retention, local anesthetic systemic toxicity and infection in each group
Time Frame
started from the beginning of combined spinal-epidural anesthesia to the first 72 post-operative hours
Title
Complications related to femoral nerve block
Description
Number of Participants with the complications relaterd to femoral nerve block such as nerve injury, hematoma, local anesthetic systemic toxicity and infection in each group
Time Frame
started from the puncture of nerve block to the first 72 post-operative hours
Title
Costs of hospitalization
Description
Costs will be calculated about total standardized costs before healthcare coverage,such as social medical reimbursement or health insurance.Costs will be evaluated in 2022 renminbi (RMB) yuans.
Time Frame
through study completion, an average of 1 week

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
60 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Participants will be scheduled to receive anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of knee joint for the first time American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II The operation time is less than 2 hours (from the beginning use of the tourniquet to the release) Exclusion Criteria: Clinical diagnosis of anxiety or depression or mania Clinical diagnosis of systemic diseases (systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome) Medication history of cortisol or sedative hypnotic drugs Tumor patients Smoking Pregnancy status Diabetes Drinking coffee or alcohol drinks during perioperative period
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
CongCong Huang, Master
Phone
0086-13676757360
Email
cchuang2009@163.com
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
ChunWei Lian, Master
Phone
0086-13868702680
Email
Lianchunwei0203@163.com
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
CongCong Huang, Master
Organizational Affiliation
Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
Official's Role
Study Director
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Second Affiliated Hospital of WenZhou Medical University
City
Wenzhou
State/Province
Zhejiang
ZIP/Postal Code
325000
Country
China
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
CongCong Huang, Master
Phone
0086-13676757360
Email
cchuang2009@163.com

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
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Effect of General and Non-general Anesthesia on Perioperative Depression or Anxiety

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