Cardiac Metabolic Profiling in the Fed State (CAMP)

This is a non-randomized interventional prospective study, aiming to provide insight into cardiac substrate utilization in the fed state. Patients will participate during an elective PVI procedure which would have taken place regardless of the current study. During this study, study subjects will receive peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) through an intravenous (iv) line. During the procedure, blood samples will be drawn from the catheters which will be in situ for the purpose of the elective PVI procedure. Cardiac arteriovenous (A-V) gradients of metabolites will be measured, reflecting cardiac uptake and release of metabolites in the fed state.

The heart requires tremendous amounts of energy to sustain its continuous mechanical work. The heart can utilize various metabolic substrates to generate energy, including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and ketone bodies. However, most research on cardiac fuel use has been done in rodents and surprisingly little is known about cardiac fuel use in patients with heart disease. Prior experimental studies showed that carbohydrates are important fuels for cardiac energy production. In contrast, a recent study in patients with heart disease showed that the heart only utilizes little amounts of carbohydrates. This study was however, performed in fasting subjects, which could have an important effect on substrate preference. The primary aim of this non-randomized interventional prospective study is to provide insight into cardiac substrate utilization in the fed state. Patients will participate during an elective PVI procedure which would have taken place regardless of the current study. During this study they will receive peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) through an intravenous (iv) line. Blood samples will be drawn with the catheters which will already be in situ for the purpose of the elective PVI procedure. Cardiac arteriovenous (A-V) gradients of metabolites will be measured, reflecting cardiac uptake and release of metabolites in the fed state.

Patients undergoing elective PVI procedure who will receive peripheral parental nutrition before start of the procedure.

Cardiac fuel use will be mapped by metabolomics on blood from the left atrium, the coronary sinus and the right atrium during PVI procedure. By comparing the concentrations of metabolites in the blood from different anatomical locations, cardiac uptake or release of energy substrates will be determined.

Peripheral Parental Nutrition will start before start of the PVI procedure. Sixty minutes after start of peripheral parental nutrition, blood sampling will be performed.

Fuel use will be mapped by metabolomics on blood from the left atrium and the femoral vein during PVI procedure. By comparing the concentrations of metabolites in the blood from different anatomical locations, the uptake or release of metabolites by the lower extremity will be determined. Comparisons will be made between arterial blood (left atrium) and venous blood from the leg (femoral vein), in order to quantify extraction or secretion of each metabolite.

Peripheral Parental Nutrition will start before start of the PVI procedure. Sixty minutes after start of peripheral parental nutrition, blood sampling will be performed.

Differences in cardiac uptake and release of metabolites between heart failure patients with reduced, mid-range and preserved ejection fraction and patients without HF

Cardiac fuel use will be mapped by metabolomics on blood from the left atrium, the coronary sinus and the right atrium during PVI procedure. By comparing the concentrations of metabolites in the blood from different anatomical locations, cardiac uptake or release of energy substrates will be determined. To determine differences in arteriovenous gradients between HF with reduced, mid-range and preserved ejection fraction versus patients without HF, patients will be assigned to one of the following four groups based on available information about presence of heart disease and most recently documented ejection fraction in the EPD.

Peripheral Parental Nutrition will start before start of the PVI procedure. Sixty minutes after start of peripheral parental nutrition, blood sampling will be performed.

Inclusion Criteria: Undergoing elective PVI procedure Adult age (≥ 18 years) Have given verbal and written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Chronic renal disease with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 Chronic liver disease and/or severe liver dysfunction with ASAT and/or ALAT > 3x the upper limit of normal (ULN) Pregnancy or breastfeeding Insulin dependent diabetics Congenital metabolic disease Weight below 40 kg Inability to understand and read Dutch or English Known allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the non-investigational products in the study protocol Any other clinical condition that would jeopardize patient's safety while participating in this trial or may prevent the patient from adhering to the trial protocol.