Effect of Single vs Multiple Prophylactic Antibiotic Doses on PJI Following Primary THA in Patients With OA (ProHipQ-OA)

Effect of Single vs Multiple Prophylactic Antibiotic Doses on PJI Following Primary THA in Patients With OA

The Effect of Single vs Multiple Prophylactic Antibiotic Doses on PJI Following Primary THA in Patients With Osteoarthritis: A Cross-over, Cluster Randomized Controlled, Non-inferiority Trial Based on National Quality Databases. ProHipQ-OA

University of Copenhagen, University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Odense University Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, University of Aarhus, Sygehus Lillebaelt

Aim: To compare the effect of one single dose versus multiple doses of prophylactic antibiotics administered within 24 hours, on the development of PJI in patients with osteoarthritis undergoing primary THA. The study is designed as a cross-over, cluster randomized, non-inferiority trial. All Danish orthopedic surgery departments performing primary THA with the majority being within inclusion criteria will be involved: Based on national quality databases, two-year cohorts of approximately 20,000 primary THAs conducted at all public and private orthopedic departments in Denmark, this includes 36 sites corresponding to a total of 39 departments.

The outcome measures will be extracted from the following national databases: The Civil Registration System (CRS), The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register (DHR), The Danish National Patient Registry (DNRP), The Hospital Acquired Infections Database (HAIBA), The Danish National Prescription Database (NPR), Statistics Denmark and Danish Agency for Labour Market and Recruitment registry (STAR). Details regarding the Arms and Interventions: The preoperative dose of antibiotic must be administered prior to surgical incision and in cases of delay with regards to planned surgical incision: Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin: If the preoperative antibiotic dose is administered >60 minutes prior to surgical incision, the initial dose must be repeated. Cefuroxime: If the preoperative antibiotic dose is administered >90 minutes prior to surgical incision, the initial dose must be repeated. Treatment A, Single-dose practice: For patients ≥ 120 kg: One preoperative single dose of either Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin 3g OR Cefuroxime 3g administered intravenously prior to surgical incision. In cases of cephalosporin allergy or general beta lactam allergy one preoperative single dose of Clindamycin 900mg may be administered intravenously, prior to surgical incision, regardless of weight. Treatment B, Multiple-dose practice: For patients ≥ 120 kg: One preoperative single dose of either Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin 3g OR Cefuroxime 3g administered intravenously prior to surgical incision, followed by 3 postoperative doses of Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin 2g x 3 OR Cefuroxime 1.5g x 3, administered within 24 hours after the preoperative dose. After the first postoperative dose, the remaining doses may be administered perorally for pragmatic reasons. Administration of peroral doses as followed regardless of weight: Dicloxacillin p.o. 1g, 12 and 18 hours postoperatively. OR Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid p.o. 875mg/125*mg, 12 and 18 hours postoperatively. *If the center or region does not have access to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid 875/125mg a dose of 1g / 125mg (this means amoxicillin 500mg + amoxicillin and clavulanic acid 500mg/125 mg) may be administered. In cases of cephalosporin allergy or general beta lactam allergy one preoperative single dose of Clindamycin 900mg may be administered intravenously, prior to surgical incision, regardless of weight, followed by 2 postoperative doses corresponding to: For patients <120kg: 300mg, 8 and 16 hours postoperatively. For patients ≥ 120kg: 600mg, 8 and 16 hours postoperatively. The same doses apply in cases of transmission to peroral antibiotics. Implementation: The senior biostatistician is responsible for the randomization process of the centers. Each center will be allocated a code by the senior biostatistician responsible and reported to a central database. The randomization and allocation procedure will be known for the given year conditioning the given center. Ethics and Dissemination: This trial has been approved by the Regional Ethical Committee (VEK) (21069108) and The Danish Medicines Agency (2021091723) without imposing an obligation to notify.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis, OA, Osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis, Hip, Total Hip Replacement, Total Hip Arthroplasty, Prosthetic Joint Infection, PJI, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT, THA

The Pro-Hip-Quality Trial is a Cluster Randomized Trial with an embedded Cross-Over Design where each clinical center (C: 1, 2, 3, …., 36 individual sites) will be running a specific intervention (i.e. single- or multiple-dose antibiotics) throughout 12 months, and the subsequent year the clinical department will automatically switch to the opposite intervention (i.e. multiple- or single-dose antibiotics).

Blinding will not be applicable, because it is considered infeasible to expose participants and clinical personnel to this in either of the groups since any specific clinic will follow their allocated specific (single- or multiple-dose) routine during an entire 1-year period and their routine treatment of any complication (before switching).

One preoperative single dose of either Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin 2g OR Cefuroxime 1.5g administered intravenously prior to surgical incision. As the study is a non-inferiority trial, we have chosen the Experimental design category.

One preoperative dose of either Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin 2g OR Cefuroxime 1.5g administered intravenously prior to surgical incision followed by 3 postoperative doses of Dicloxacillin/Cloxacillin 1g x 3 OR Cefuroxime 750mg x 3 within 24 hours after the preoperative dose.

Patient inclusion starts day one, cross-over of departments from treatment A (single-dose) to B (multiple-dose) or vice versa after one year and end of inclusion happens after 2 years. All centers in Denmark use either Cloxacillin/Dicloxacillin, Cefuroxime or both drugs as standard prophylactic antibiotic practice for THA. In cases of cephalosporin allergy or general beta lactam allergy, the antibiotic clindamycin may be administered. In this trial, patients will be administered the standard prophylactic antibiotic practice of either single-dose (A) or multiple-doses (B) of antibiotics administered at each respective cluster that respective year. Both practices of dose administration for antibiotic prophylaxis (i.e. single- or multiple-dose) follow current standards of treatment and are based on present clinical practice guidelines.

The definition of PJI is based on revision surgery. Revision surgery is defined as a new surgical intervention the first time after the primary intervention including debridement alone or in combination with complete or partial removal or exchange of the implant. Two or more intraoperative deep-tissue samples of phenotypically indistinguishable bacteria isolated from at least 3 deep-tissue samples One or more positive intraoperative samples from a closed fluid aspirate AND a biopsy (fluid AND tissue) of phenotypically indistinguishable bacteria isolated A PJI when an indication of deep infection is reported to The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Registry (DHR) by the surgeon upon revision surgery

SAEs are defined according to the ICH-GCP guidelines. SAE refers to an event involving a significant risk of death or disability of the patient (or their offspring), including, but not limited to, an event that: results in death is life-threatening - in the investigator's opinion the patient was in immediate risk of death from the adverse event when it appeared requires hospitalization or prolongs existing hospitalization results in permanent or significant disability is a congenital anomaly SAEs are recorded from The Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR)

PJI-likely is defined as at least one of the two criteria: One single intraoperatively obtained positive culture (aspiration fluid OR tissue biopsy) regardless of microorganism One single positive culture obtained from aspiration of synovial fluid regardless of microorganism AND any antibiotic prescriptions (ATC category J01) redeemed

LOS defined as number of postoperative overnight stays, including transferals to other departments and hospitals. Data on LOS is acquired from DNPR.

VTE is defined a priori as both deep venous thromboembolisms confirmed by compression ultrasound and pulmonary embolism confirmed by spiral computed tomography (CT), ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy or pathological removal of an embolus and based on the following diagnostic ICD10 codes: I26, I80.1-I80.9, I82.1-I82.9, or T81.7B-D. Data will be extracted from DNPR.

Any Hospital-treated infection is defined as any first-time hospital admission with a primary or secondary infection diagnosis after discharge from index THA surgery. Hospital-treated infections are identified from DNPR. The list of infections includes chronic and more rare infections, to detect possible flare-up in any possible ongoing infections. The list will exclude urinary tract infections (UTI) due to a high risk of different registration praxis registration for UTI among hospitals in Denmark.

Community-based antibiotic use (any community-treated infection or antibiotic use after discharge) is defined as at least one dispensing after discharge from index THA surgery within 90 days for narrow- and broad-spectrum antibiotics based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (ATC) codes. All antibiotics in Denmark require prescriptions from a physician. The Danish National Health Service Prescription Database has registered all reimbursed prescriptions from all community pharmacies since 2004. Medications are coded according to the following ATC codes: J01CE, J01CF, J01DB, J01DC, J01DD, J01DE, J01DH, J01DI, J01CR, J01CA, J01F. J01E, J01MA ,J01AA

Prescription redeemed is defined as at least 1 prescription dispensing of any opioid. Prescriptions of analgesics will be identified through The Danish National Prescription Registry. The registry contains information on all prescriptions redeemed by Danish residents in community pharmacies since 1995 (excluding hospital dispensaries). Information on Anatomical Classification System (ATC) codes and dispensation date will be applied to identify opioids. Following ATC codes (including all sub codes) are included: N01AH (opioid anesthetics), N02A (opioids), N07BC02 (methadone), and R05DA04 (codeine). Duration of treatment will be calculated based on no. of packages and volume.

Prescription redeemed is defined as at least 1 prescription dispensing of any acetaminophen or NSAID within 90 days after index THA surgery. Prescriptions of analgesics are identified using the Danish National Prescription Registry. Information on Anatomical Classification System (ATC) codes and dispensation date will be applied to identify acetaminophen and NSAID. Following ATC codes (including all sub codes) are included M01A (NSAIDs). Duration of treatment will be calculated based on no. of packages and volume.

The incremental cost-effectiveness will be calculated based on the costs per patient in the two antibiotic practices. Costs related to antibiotic prophylaxis, hospital admissions and readmissions, hospital outpatient visits, visits to General practitioner and costs related to sick leave from work will be included. Data will be collected from: The Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) The Civil Registration System (CRS) The Danish Agency for Labor Market and Recruitment registry STAR

Revision surgery is defined as a new surgical intervention the first time after the primary intervention including debridement alone or in combination with complete or partial removal or exchange of the implant. The rate of revision is recorded from The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Registry (DHR) and The Danish National Patient Registry (DNRP). Revision due to any cause including PJI and aseptic loosening will be included.

1-year mortality rate is defined by date of death due to any cause after index surgery. Data is collected from The Civil Registration System (CRS).

Inclusion Criteria: 1. All patients receiving a primary Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) due to primary and secondary causes of osteoarthritis Exclusion Criteria: Patients receiving a primary THA due to either acute or sequelae of proximal femoral or acetabular fractures Patients receiving a primary THA due to bone tumor or metastasis

Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg

Department for Planned Orthopaedic Surgery, Næstved, Copenhagen University Hospital - Næstved, Slagelse and Ringsted

Access to individual de-identified participant data and related study documents (e.g. protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP), will be provided to anyone who wishes to access the data.