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Immune-supportive Diet and Gut Permeability in Allergic Children (DIAMETER)

Primary Purpose

Peanut Allergy, Nut Allergy

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Netherlands
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Immune-supportive diet
Sponsored by
Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Peanut Allergy focused on measuring Gut permeability, Immune-supportive diet, Thresholds

Eligibility Criteria

4 Years - 12 Years (Child)All SexesAccepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion Criteria: Children of 4 to 12 years of age with a positive open or double-blind placebo-controlled peanut or nut challenge < 12 months to inclusion; Children who are potty trained or house trained; Presence of IgE to peanut ≥0.35 kilo units per liter (kU/l) or skin prick test > 3 mm to peanut or nut, < 12 months prior to challenge. Exclusion Criteria: Only mild symptoms in the oral cavity to peanut or nut due to pollen food syndrome; A negative peanut or nut challenge; Children who are not potty trained (house trained); Gastro-intestinal diseases (e.g. Morbus Crohn, coeliac disease, Colitis Ulcerosa), syndromes, infectious/immunology diseases other than atopy, or diabetes; Laxative treatment, such as lactulose; Not able to read or write Dutch.

Sites / Locations

  • OLVGRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

Active Comparator

Arm Label

Intervention group (immune-supportive diet)

Control group

Arm Description

Immune-supportive diet (for 4 months) on top of peanut and/or nut free diet Feasibility of adherence to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only) and dietary compliance by Likert scale after 2,5 and 4 months of dietary intervention (2x)

- Peanut and/or nut free diet only

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Changes in small intestine permeability between baseline and after 4 months of dietary intervention as expressed by the Raffinose/Mannitol ratio in urine
We will measure the ratio of Raffinose/Mannitol in urine at baseline and after 4 months of dietary intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Relationship between gut permeability and the severity of atopic dermatitis
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Severity of atopic dermatitis is measured by SCORAD
Relationship between gut permeability and patient reported outcomes of atopic dermatitis
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Severity of atopic dermatitis is measured by Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) questionnaire
Relationship between gut permeability and patient reported outcomes of asthma and allergic rhinitis
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Severity of Asthma and allergic rhinitis symptoms are measured by the Onderzoek astma en hooikoorts bij kinderen questionnaire (Caratkids)
Relationship between gut permeability and patient reported outcomes of gastrointestinal symptoms
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Gastrointestinal symptoms are measured by the Birmingham irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) questionnaire in Dutch
Relationship between gut permeability and food allergy quality of Life will be measured by disease-specific and age-related quality of life
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Food allergy quality of life will be measured by disease-specific and age-related quality of life questionnaires (FAQLQ-ChildForm, FAQLQ-ParentForm and FAQLQ-TeenagerForm) Differences in gut microbiota composition between baseline and after 4 months of dietary intervention
Feasibility of adherence to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only)
Feasibility of adherence to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only) will be measured by by Likert scale
Dietary compliance to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only)
Dietary compliance to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only) will be measured by Likert scale
Differences in use of medications
Use of medication will be registered by a Medication Registration Form (MRF).
Differences in nutritional intake
Dietary intervention (in grams of food) will be assessed by three online 24-hour food recalls
Differences in gut microbiota composition
Microbiota compostion will be measured by by gene sequencing technology (16S( methods
Relationship between gut permeability and threshold level to peanut or nuts
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio Threshold level to peanut or nuts will be established by oral open or double-blind food challenge (cumulative mg peanut or nut protein);
Relationship between gut permeability and nutritional intake
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio Dietary intervention (in grams of food) will be assessed by three online 24-hour food recalls

Full Information

First Posted
September 8, 2022
Last Updated
February 1, 2023
Sponsor
Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis
Collaborators
Ekhaga foundation, Rijnstate Hospital, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Erasmus Medical Center, Wageningen University, Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05667610
Brief Title
Immune-supportive Diet and Gut Permeability in Allergic Children
Acronym
DIAMETER
Official Title
Effect of an Immune-supportive Diet on Gut Permeability and Allergic Symptoms in Children With Peanut and/or Nut Allergy
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
February 2023
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
September 8, 2022 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
June 30, 2024 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
June 30, 2024 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis
Collaborators
Ekhaga foundation, Rijnstate Hospital, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Erasmus Medical Center, Wageningen University, Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Peanut and nut allergy can be life threatening. Some patients have very low threshold levels (i.e. the amounts of peanut and nuts to which the patients react), others react to higher doses. The reasons for these differences in threshold are not well understood. Patients with peanut and nut allergy often suffer from other allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, hay fever and asthma). A disturbed gut microbiota composition and an increased gut permeability may explain the development of allergic disease. We hypothesize that increased gut permeability is related to low threshold levels to peanuts or nuts. In addition, as it is known that nutrition can influence our gut permeability, we also hypothesize that a healthful immune-supportive diet restores gut permeability and alleviates symptoms. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to study in peanut and nut allergic children: the relationship between gut permeability and threshold levels to peanut or nuts; the effect of an immune-supportive diet on gut permeability, gut microbiome composition, coexisting allergic symptoms and quality of life
Detailed Description
The incidence of allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergy started to grow to epidemic proportions after the 1960s. Peanut and nut allergy are common food allergies. Peanut allergy affects 1.4 to 3.0% of the children. Peanut and nut allergy are often lifelong and may be severe. Peanut allergy is the leading cause of (fatal) food anaphylaxis. Once peanut and nut allergy have developed, there is currently no cure other than adhering to an avoidance diet and carrying and using intramuscular epinephrine or oral antihistamines in the case of accidental ingestion. Oral immunotherapy with peanut or nuts is only applied in research setting, however, it has several drawbacks and is still in its infancy. Inter- and intra-individual differences in threshold in peanut allergy: Threshold levels for peanut and nuts, the lowest amount of peanut or nuts causing a reaction, may largely vary between allergic children, for which there is no clear explanation. Thresholds can be determined during oral food challenge tests with peanut or nuts in the hospital. An international multi-center study found that 5% of the children react to a low threshold of 1.7 mg of peanut protein during the food challenge in the hospital, 7.4 mg of cashew nut protein and 0.29 mg of hazelnut protein during a food challenge in the hospital. These are only traces, while 50% react to 67 mg of peanut protein. This is around 1⁄3 of a peanut, thus also a small amount. These threshold levels demonstrate how careful patients have to be in their dietary behavior. Patients with a low threshold are very sensitive to peanut or nuts and are at greater risk to react to traces of allergenic protein which can be intentionally or unintentionally present in prepacked or unpacked food. Studies have shown that the lower the threshold, the greater the impact on the health-related quality of life of the child and their parents. It is poorly understood how these differences in sensitivity (threshold levels) between individuals can be explained. Sensitization to peanut or nuts, as demonstrated by levels specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) for peanut by blood testing or the size of the skin prick test with peanut or nuts cannot explain the difference in threshold level, because they have a low predictive value for the threshold. Infection diseases illness, exercise and sleep deprivation significantly reduce the threshold level in allergic adults. However, these co-factors are not relevant in all patients, specifically not in children, and cannot explain the large differences in threshold levels observed. Peanut and nut allergy coincides with other atopic disease: Peanut and nut allergic children frequently suffer from other food allergies, such as milk and egg, and other coexisting atopic (allergic) diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and allergic asthma, leading to a substantial allergic burden in children with peanut and nut allergy. Because of the burden of these allergic conditions, the quality of life of children with food allergy is decreased, however underestimated. and even lower compared to chronic diseases, e.g. lower than children with diabetes. All these coexisting allergic diseases are based on immunologic and chronic inflammatory processes. Asthma is a systemic inflammatory disorder with a close link between the upper and the lower airways. The majority of patients with asthma have concomitant rhinosinusitis. The respiratory system is also under the influence by co-morbid conditions related to the gastrointestinal tract (food sensitization, bowel inflammation), the skin (eczema, barrier dysfunction) as well as the nervous system (neuroimmunologic network, cognitive dysfunction). Defective mucosal barrier function (leaky gut) or increased gut permeability as possible explanation for high prevalence of allergic disease and differences in threshold to peanut or nuts: The steep increase of allergic diseases is attributed to several lifestyle changes due to urbanization and modernization, caesarean section, use of antibiotics, a westernized pro-inflammatory diet and obesity. Firstly, according to the generally accepted hypotheses, i.e. the hygiene hypothesis and the biodiversity hypothesis, all these changes lead to microbial dysbiosis and loss of microbial diversity in the gut, which are major reasons for inflammation, inappropriate immune responses and disease development, because there is a continuous crosstalk between the intestinal microbiome and our immune system through immunomodulatory signals. Allergic diseases, such as food allergy, asthma and atopic dermatitis are all characterized by a dysbiosis and reduced diversity of the microbiome. Secondly, one of the most recent additional explanations for the increased prevalence of allergic disease is a defective epithelial (=mucosal) barrier in the skin, gut and lungs (the "extended epithelial barrier hypothesis"). Impaired mucosal barrier function, or "leaky gut" , which results in increased gut permeability, is caused by epithelial-damaging substances linked to industrialization, urbanization and modern life, such as household and dishwashing cleaning agents and the use of (ultra) processed foods through, amongst others, emulsifiers. An intact mucosal barrier is crucial for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as this protects against allergens. An increased gut permeability can result in an enhanced uptake of allergens where they may activate the immune system leading to severe chronic inflammation. Thus, it is well possible that an impaired mucosal barrier function may contribute to these observed differences in threshold to peanut and nuts. Mucosal barrier dysfunction has been demonstrated in asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis, and Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) and a number of studies in food allergy. Both the Lactulose/Mannitol ratio in urine (L/M ratio) as well as the Raffinose/Mannitol ratio in urine (R/M ratio) are commonly used Sugar Absorption Tests (SAT) for the analysis of small intestinal permeability. In the Netherlands the R/M ratio has been implemented as sugar absorption test (SAT) and is provided by Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certified pharmacists. If the mucosal integrity is impaired the urinary excretion of Raffinose will increase (see methods for more details). In children, for example, increased gut permeability in milk- and egg allergic children was found as compared to 7 controls. Similar results were found by Andre et al in children and adults with sensitization to foods, 0,6 - 70 years. In a study in which the relationship between allergic symptoms and mucosal permeability was studied, a significant correlation between small intestine permeability and the severity of allergic symptoms at referral was shown. The influence of nutrition on gut permeability: Nutrition is one of the important external factors contributing to the maintenance of an intact mucosal barrier function of the gut. In contrast, unhealthy nutrition or nutrition containing barrier-damaging agents contributes to the disruption of the mucosal barrier through the following processes: Direct effects of foods and nutrients on the maintenance or disruption of the mucosal integrity in the gut. Vitamin A plays a critical role in the differentiation of cells towards mucosal barrier function. Zinc and iron have an essential role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier via the regulation of claudin-3 and occluding expression. Short chain fatty acids produced through the microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, maintain mucosal integrity by processes including mucus production, tissue repair and up- regulation of the expression of tight junction proteins. In a small study in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, it was shown that the intake of sunflower oil and/or stir fry oil, as well as the total amount of added fat, was negatively (i.e., unfavorably) related to in vitro values of permeability, while the consumption of buttermilk/yoghurt drink with Lactobacillus rhamnosus, dairy and vitamin A were favorably related to mucosal permeability of the esophagus. In contrast nutrition may also may have deleterious effects on the mucosal barrier function. Emulsifiers in highly processed foods are surfactants that behave like detergents, and even trace amounts of these agents markedly increase bacterial translocation in mouse models. Advanced Glycation End products (AGE) formation and additives commonly used by the food industry in highly processed foods play a role. Thus, our diet may be one of the key factors in the maintenance or impairment of our epithelial barrier function, and may as such contribute to the prevention and treatment of chronic immune disorders. Our diet is an important source for the composition of our microbiome and regulation of the mucosal barrier function. Healthy dietary constituents feed our gut microbiota by providing substrates for a large variety of intestinal microbial species, leading to a diverse and anti-inflammatory microbiome. Dietary fiber, vegetables, legumes, grains, nuts, fish, plant-based foods, fermented dairy (e.g. buttermilk and yoghurt), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 and polyphenols have anti-inflammatory capacity through modulation of our gut microbiota composition with a protective effect on our mucosal barrier function by regulation of tight junction barriers. Higher intake of animal foods, saturated fat, processed foods, alcohol and sugar induce pro-inflammatory processes by the reduction of the total abundance and reduction of specific species of bacteria in our gut and subsequent negative impact on our mucosal barrier function. Plant-based proteins and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce the opposite effect alongside increased abundance of anti-inflammatory species. Nutrition provides nutrients which are essential for the functioning of the innate and adaptive immune system, which in turn regulate the mucosal barrier function. T cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (IL2) and interleukine 13 (IL13)play major roles. According to very strict criteria several nutrients are recognized by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for their immunomodulatory properties. These are copper, folate, iron, selenium, vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D and zinc. Our diet can induce either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects in the gut and our body. Diet is established among the most important influences on health in modern societies. Poor diet is among the leading causes of chronic disease. The composition of our diet may importantly enhance or reduce inflammation and may therefore influence inflammatory disease such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, This cannot be contributed to single foods, instead, the total dietary pattern is important. A Western diet which is characterized by a high consumption of meat, highly processed foods, ready-to-use foods and meals, refined grains, sugar, omega-6 fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, and a low consumption of dietary fiber, omega 3 fatty acids, anti-oxidants, fruits, vegetables and plant-based foods. Such a diet induces a pro-inflammatory state of our immune system and increased intestinal permeability. In contrast, dietary patterns such as a traditional Mediterranean diet, with high contents of monounsaturated (MUFA), ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, home-made meals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and grains, has shown anti-inflammatory effects when compared with typical North American and Northern European dietary patterns. With regards to allergic disease specifically, the use of organic dairy and unprocessed milk is associated with lower prevalence of allergic diseases, as was shown in the KOALA birth cohort study and studies on children on farms. Taken together, for peanut and nut allergy there is yet no cure and threshold levels to peanut or nuts differ widely for reasons unknown. Peanut and nut allergy often present in patients with coexisting atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and atopic asthma, which are based on inflammatory processes. An impaired mucosal barrier may contribute to the observed differences in thresholds to peanut and nuts. Nutrition can either positively or negatively influence our immune function, gut microbiota composition and gut permeability, and therefore may influence threshold levels to peanut and nuts, as well as severity of coexistent symptoms such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, a study on dietary intervention as proposed in this protocol will yield lacking knowledge on the effect of a healthful diet on gut permeability and clinical symptoms in allergic disease. The study will be performed in children as peanut and nut allergy are often lifelong, may be severe, cannot yet be cured and has a significant impact on quality of life which is underestimated by parents. The risk of inadvertent allergic reactions specifically holds for children with a low threshold to peanut. With a higher threshold level fewer products need to be avoided which will improve quality of life. In addition, comorbidity in allergic disease such as eczema is most prominent in children. Therefore, children will most benefit from our study results if we can show immune-supportive diet improves gut barrier function and alleviates allergic symptoms.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Peanut Allergy, Nut Allergy
Keywords
Gut permeability, Immune-supportive diet, Thresholds

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
Children in the intervention group will receive written and oral dietary advice by an allergy-specialist dietitian regarding their peanut or nut free diet according to standard care and, in addition, instructions on an individually tailored immune-supportive diet, including sample menus, recipes, shopping guide and product information. The dietitian will contact the patients every two to four-weeks as needed, either face-to-face, by video consult or using email or what app. Dietary compliance is orally checked by the dietitian, by Likert scale on feasibility and compliance after 6 weeks and 3 months, as well as by the food diary after 3 months. In addition, 22 healthy controls (without allergies),aged 4 to 12 years, will also be included.
Masking
None (Open Label)
Masking Description
The participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group or control group via castor.edc.
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
132 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Intervention group (immune-supportive diet)
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Immune-supportive diet (for 4 months) on top of peanut and/or nut free diet Feasibility of adherence to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only) and dietary compliance by Likert scale after 2,5 and 4 months of dietary intervention (2x)
Arm Title
Control group
Arm Type
Active Comparator
Arm Description
- Peanut and/or nut free diet only
Intervention Type
Other
Intervention Name(s)
Immune-supportive diet
Intervention Description
The intervention includes a immune-supportive diet over a period of 4 months
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Changes in small intestine permeability between baseline and after 4 months of dietary intervention as expressed by the Raffinose/Mannitol ratio in urine
Description
We will measure the ratio of Raffinose/Mannitol in urine at baseline and after 4 months of dietary intervention
Time Frame
4 months
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and the severity of atopic dermatitis
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Severity of atopic dermatitis is measured by SCORAD
Time Frame
At baseline and at 4 months
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and patient reported outcomes of atopic dermatitis
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Severity of atopic dermatitis is measured by Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) questionnaire
Time Frame
At baseline and 4 months
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and patient reported outcomes of asthma and allergic rhinitis
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Severity of Asthma and allergic rhinitis symptoms are measured by the Onderzoek astma en hooikoorts bij kinderen questionnaire (Caratkids)
Time Frame
At baseline and 4 months
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and patient reported outcomes of gastrointestinal symptoms
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Gastrointestinal symptoms are measured by the Birmingham irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) questionnaire in Dutch
Time Frame
at baseline and at 4 months
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and food allergy quality of Life will be measured by disease-specific and age-related quality of life
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio. Food allergy quality of life will be measured by disease-specific and age-related quality of life questionnaires (FAQLQ-ChildForm, FAQLQ-ParentForm and FAQLQ-TeenagerForm) Differences in gut microbiota composition between baseline and after 4 months of dietary intervention
Time Frame
At baseline and at 4 months
Title
Feasibility of adherence to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only)
Description
Feasibility of adherence to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only) will be measured by by Likert scale
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Dietary compliance to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only)
Description
Dietary compliance to the Immune-supportive diet (intervention group only) will be measured by Likert scale
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Differences in use of medications
Description
Use of medication will be registered by a Medication Registration Form (MRF).
Time Frame
4 months
Title
Differences in nutritional intake
Description
Dietary intervention (in grams of food) will be assessed by three online 24-hour food recalls
Time Frame
At baseline and after 4 months
Title
Differences in gut microbiota composition
Description
Microbiota compostion will be measured by by gene sequencing technology (16S( methods
Time Frame
At baseline and after 4 months
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and threshold level to peanut or nuts
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio Threshold level to peanut or nuts will be established by oral open or double-blind food challenge (cumulative mg peanut or nut protein);
Time Frame
Baseline
Title
Relationship between gut permeability and nutritional intake
Description
Gut permeability is measured by R/M ratio Dietary intervention (in grams of food) will be assessed by three online 24-hour food recalls
Time Frame
At baseline and after 4 months

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
4 Years
Maximum Age & Unit of Time
12 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: Children of 4 to 12 years of age with a positive open or double-blind placebo-controlled peanut or nut challenge < 12 months to inclusion; Children who are potty trained or house trained; Presence of IgE to peanut ≥0.35 kilo units per liter (kU/l) or skin prick test > 3 mm to peanut or nut, < 12 months prior to challenge. Exclusion Criteria: Only mild symptoms in the oral cavity to peanut or nut due to pollen food syndrome; A negative peanut or nut challenge; Children who are not potty trained (house trained); Gastro-intestinal diseases (e.g. Morbus Crohn, coeliac disease, Colitis Ulcerosa), syndromes, infectious/immunology diseases other than atopy, or diabetes; Laxative treatment, such as lactulose; Not able to read or write Dutch.
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Berber Vlieg-Boerstra
Phone
0620965612
Email
b.vlieg-boerstra@olvg.nl
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Ming Yang
Email
m.yang@olvg.nl
Facility Information:
Facility Name
OLVG
City
Amsterdam
Country
Netherlands
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Loes Pronk, PhD

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
Undecided
IPD Sharing Plan Description
As the database contains patient (coded) information the database can be shared under request

Learn more about this trial

Immune-supportive Diet and Gut Permeability in Allergic Children

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