Changes in the carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using the semi-automated arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea)at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in CIMT will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) CIMT absolute values, 2.)Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline CIMT values)*100), and 3.)Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the Carotid arterial stiffness (CAS) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The Carotid arterial stiffness (CAS) for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using the semi-automated arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in CAS will be reported as: 1,) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) CAS Beta Stiffness Index (β) absolute values, 2.) Percentage (%) change score= (overall change score/ mean baseline CAS Beta Stiffness Index (β) values*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (overall change score in AET group- change score in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the degree of stenosis following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The degree of stenosis for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using the 3D arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks (corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in the degree of stenosis will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) volume stenosis absolute values. 2.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline volume stenosis values)*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the plaque Gray scale median values (GSM) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by the Adobe Photoshop software.
The plaque Gray scale median values for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using the Adobe Photoshop software at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks (corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in GSM values will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) GSM values. 2.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline GSM values)*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the cerebral arteries' Peak systolic velocity (PSV) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography (DCUS) and Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries' Peak systolic velocity for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using Spectral Doppler analysis on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in PSV values will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) PSV values. 2.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline PSV values)*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the cerebral arteries' End diastolic velocity (EDV) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries' End diastolic velocity for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using Spectral Doppler analysis on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in EDV values will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) EDV values. 3.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline EDV values)*100), and 4.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the cerebral arteries' mean flow velocity (MFV) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries' mean flow velocity for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using Spectral Doppler analysis on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in MFV values will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) MFV values, 2.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline MFV values)*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the cerebral arteries' Resistivity index (RI) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries' Resistivity Index for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using Spectral Doppler analysis on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in PSV values will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) RI values, 2.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline RI values)*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the cerebral arteries' Pulsatility index (PI) following a 12weeks Aerobic exercise training (AET) programme as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries' Pulsatility Index for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be assessed using Spectral Doppler analysis on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks corresponding to end of the AET program). The changes in PI values will be reported as: 1.) Overall Change score= mean differences (MD) between Baseline (enrolment) and end of AET programme (at 12weeks) PI values, 2.) Percentage (%) change score= ((overall change score/ mean baseline PI values)*100), and 3.) Standardized mean difference (SMD) = (mean difference between change scores in AET group and change scores in control group) divided by the mean standard deviation of the two groups.
Changes in the cognitive function as assessed by Montreal Cognitive assessment Hong Kong version Tool.
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version(MCAHKv) scores for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be measured at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks (end of the AET program)). The differences between Baseline (enrollment) scores and end of AET at 12weeks scores will represent the overall change score in the cognitive function that may be attributed to AET.
Changes in the cognitive function as assessed by the Stroop word color Test (SWCT)Tool.
The Stroop color word test (SWCT) scores for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be measured at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks (end of the AET program)). The differences between Baseline (enrollment) scores and end of AET at 12weeks scores will represent the overall change score in the cognitive function that may be attributed to AET.
Changes in the motor function as assessed by the six minute walk test
The 6MWT distance for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be measured at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks (end of the AET program)). The differences between Baseline (enrollment) scores and end of AET at 12weeks scores will represent the overall change score in the motor function(endurance) that may be attributed to AET.
Changes in the motor function as assessed by the Timed up and go test(TUG).
The TUG test walk time for the 3 post stroke subjects groups (control, treadmill, and cycle ergometer) will be measured at 3 time periods (Baseline, midpoint at 6weeks, and at 12 weeks (end of the AET program)). The differences between Baseline (enrollment) scores and end of AET at 12weeks scores will represent the overall change score in the motor function (speed) that may be attributed to AET.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects will be assessed using the semi-automated arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) ultrasonography machine at one time period. The differences in CIMT between the two subject groups will be represented by1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences between the mean CIMT values of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' Carotid arterial stiffness (CAS), Beta Stiffness Index (β) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography.
The Carotid arterial stiffness (CAS) of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects are assessed using the semi-automated arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) and compared at one time period. The differences in CAS between the two subject groups will be represented by: 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences between the mean CAS beta Stiffness Index (β) values of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' degree of volume stenosis as assessed by 3 dimensional(3D) carotid ultrasonography.
The degree of carotid artery volume stenosis of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects are assessed using the 3D arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) and compared at one time period. The differences in the degree of volume stenosis between the two subject groups will be represented by the 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences between the mean volume stenosis of the two groups, and 3.) Differences in proportions of participants with greater than 50% volume stenosis.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' Plaque Gray scale median (GSM) values as assessed by Adobe Photoshop software.
The duplex carotid ultrasonography images showing Plaques for both the post-stroke participants and age-matched non-stroke participants will have the plaques GSM values assessed at one time period using an Adobe Photoshop software. 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage differences in the Plaque GSM values between the two groups will represent the differences in the Plaque GSM values of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' cerebral arteries Peak systolic velocity (PSV) as assessed by Duplex carotid ultrasonography (DCUS) and Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries Peak systolic velocity of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects will be assessed using the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) Spectral Doppler Analysis (extracranial) and TCD(intracranial). The PSV between the two groups will be compared at one time period. 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences in the PSV values will represent the differences in the PSV values of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' cerebral arteries End diastolic velocity (EDV) as assessed by Duplex carotid ultrasonography (DCUS) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries End diastolic velocity of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects will be assessed using the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) Spectral Doppler Analysis (extracranial) and TCD(intracranial). The EDV between the two groups will be compared at one time period. 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences in the EDV values will represent the differences in the EDV of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' cerebral arteries Mean flow velocity (MFV) as assessed by Duplex carotid ultrasonography (DCUS) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries Mean flow velocity of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects are assessed using the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) Spectral Doppler Analysis (extracranial) and TCD(intracranial). The MFV between the two groups will be compared at one time period. 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences in the MFV values will represent the differences in the MFV of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' cerebral arteries Resistivity Index (RI) as assessed by Duplex carotid ultrasonography (DCUS) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries Resistivity Index of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects are assessed using the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) Spectral Doppler Analysis (extracranial) and TCD(intracranial). The RI between the two groups will be compared at one time period. 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences in the RI values will represent the differences in the RI of the two groups.
Differences between the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects' cerebral arteries Pulsatility Index (PI) as assessed by Duplex carotid ultrasonography (DCUS) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography.
The cerebral arteries Pulsatility Index of the post-stroke patients and age-matched non-stroke subjects are assessed using the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) Spectral Doppler Analysis (extracranial) and TCD(intracranial). The PI between the two groups will be compared at one time period. 1.) Absolute and 2.) Percentage (%) differences in the PI values will represent the differences in the PI of the two groups.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in CIMT (difference between end of AET CIMT and baseline CIMT values) and the changes in the Six minute walk distance (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Carotid Arterial stiffness (Beta Stiffness Index (β)) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in CAS (difference between end of AET and baseline Beta Stiffness Index (β) values) and the changes in the Six minute walk distance (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between Changes in degree of volume stenosis as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in the degree of stenosis as assessed by the 3D arterial analysis software on the Samsung RS80A ultrasound machine (Samsung Medison Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) (difference between end of AET degree of volume stenosis and baseline degree of volume stenosis values) and the changes in the Six minute walk distance (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between Changes in Plaque Gray scale median (GSM) values and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in the plaque GSM values as assessed by the Adobe Photoshop software (difference between end of AET GSM values and baseline GSM values) and the changes in the Six minute walk distance (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Peak systolic velocity (PSV) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in PSV (difference between end of AET PSV and baseline PSV) and the changes in the 6MWD (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in End diastolic velocity (EDV) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in EDV (difference between end of AET and baseline EDV) and the changes in the 6MWD (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Mean Flow velocity (MFV) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in MFV (difference between end of AET MFV and baseline MFV) and the changes in the 6MWD (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Resistivity Index (RI) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in RI (difference between end of AET RI and baseline RI) and the changes in the 6MWD (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Pulsatility Index (PI) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Six minute walk distance (6MWD) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in PI (difference between end of AET PI and baseline PI) and the changes in the 6MWD (difference between end of AET 6MWD and baseline 6MWD). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as assessed by carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in CIMT (difference between end of AET and baseline CIMT values) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in carotid arterial stiffness (CAS) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET)
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in CAS (difference between end of AET and baseline CAS Beta Stiffness Index (β) values) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in the degree of stenosis as assessed by 3D carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in degree of volume stenosis (difference between end of AET and baseline volume stenosis values) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Plaque Gray scale median values (GSM) and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) following 12weeks of Aerobic exercise training (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in GSM (difference between end of AET and baseline GSM values) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Peak systolic velocity (PSV) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET)
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in PSV (difference between end of AET and baseline PSV) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET MoCAHK and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in End diastolic velocity (EDV) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in EDV (difference between end of AET and baseline EDV) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET MoCAHK and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Mean Flow velocity (MFV) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in MFV (difference between end of AET and baseline MFV) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET MoCAHK and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Resistive Index (RI) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in RI (difference between end of AET and baseline RI) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET MoCAHK and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.
: Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient between changes in Pulsatility Index (PI) as assessed by duplex carotid ultrasonography and changes in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Hong Kong version score (MoCAHK) after 12weeks of exercise (AET).
Pearson correlation/ non parametric Spearmen analysis will be used to determine the association between the changes in PI (difference between end of AET and baseline PI) and the changes in the MoCAHK score (difference between end of AET MoCAHK and baseline MoCAHK scores). The measure of the association will be represented by the Pearson/Spearmen correlation coefficient.