Effects of In-bed Self-exercises Based on EMG-sensor Feedback on Functional Mobility in Subacute Stroke Patients

The RMA consists of three scales, including gross function, leg and trunk, and arm sections. Each activity must be carried out independently. Allowing his three attempts for each item. The Gross Function section (RMA-gf) consists of 13 items and primarily assesses mobility from sitting to running and gait. The leg and trunk section (RMA-lt) describes individual movements of the trunk (e.g. rolling to the affected side) and leg (e.g. ankle dorsiflexion with the leg extended while lying down). It consists of 10 items to be evaluated. Score '1' if the patient can perform the activity and ' 0' if he cannot. The maximum score equals the number of items. The higher the score, the more normal motor performance is possible. The intra-class correlation coefficients of the Rivermead motor assessment were between 0.88 and 0.95.

As a muscle strength measurement test, it is a scale evaluated on a scale of 0-5 according to strength against gravity and resistance. Score '5' if the patient is of Normal strength, ' 0' if he cannot check contraction palpable. In this study, bilateral hip flexion, hip abduction, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion muscle strength were measured. MMT had good external and internal efficacy and was not dependent on examiner bias.

The Brunnstrom approach is a classification method that models the motor recovery process after stroke-induced hemiplegia on a six-point ordinal scale. Brunnstrom's stage of recovery covers the progression of complete motor recovery from stage 1 of complete flaccidity and no voluntary movement to stage 6, when spasticity disappears, and near-normal isolated joint activities become possible. The Brunnstrom approach focuses on unique patterns associated with stroke recovery, including motor spasticity development, synergistic patterns, and voluntary movements. Brunnstrom had high inter-rater reliability (0.74 to 0.98).

The FMA-LE investigates hip, knee, and ankle movements, and hierarchical recovery is recorded based on Brunnstrom's stages of recovery, from reflex to synergistic and non-synergistic movements. The FMA-LE motor domain uses a 3-point ordinal scale as follows: 0, unable to perform; 1, partially performance; and 2, complete performance. The possible score ranges from 0 to 34. The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were excellent in early stroke patients.

The BBS was developed in 1989 by Katherine Berg in three-step survey of 32 health professionals to objectively measure balance and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults. The BBS examines 14 movements of daily life on a 5-point ordinal scale (range 0-4). A score of 0 indicates the lowest level of functioning and a score of 4 indicates normal performance. The total score range is 0-56. The BBS is widely used to assess stroke patients and its test-retest reliability and internal consistency to be excellent.

The 6-point rating scale assesses how much human support is required when walking (with or without a personal assistive device).A score of 0 indicates a non-functional ambulator, and scores of 1-3 indicate dependent ambulators. A score of 1 indicates the need for ontinuous manual contact, a score of 2 indicates intermittent or continuous light touch, and a score of 3 indicates supervision or verbal cueing. Scores of 4-5 are independent ambulators, with a score of 4 indicating independent ambulators on horizontal surfaces only and a score of 5 indicating independent ambulators on any surface, including stairs. There was good interrater reliability among examiners of post-stroke patients.

mRS is a widely used tool to measure global disability after stroke. The scale classifies disability from 0 (no symptoms at all) to 5 (severe disability). Scoring is performed by the evaluator based on the subject's functional dependence. The mRS is also found to be a psychometrically accepted measure. Intra-rater reliability was excellent.

The MBI measures activities of daily living and includes ten activity domains, including bowel management, urinary management, grooming, toilet use, eating, locomotion, walking, dressing, climbing stairs, and bathing. Each activity is given a score ranging from 0 (unable to perform a task) to a maximum of 5, 10, or 15 (fully independent- the exact score depends on the evaluated activity). A total score is obtained by summing points for each of the items. Total scores may range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater independence. MBI is widely used to assess stroke patients and has a high intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC=.94)

The PRPS is a clinician-assessed instrument designed to assess patient participation in treatment. It is rated on a scale of 1 to 6 to measure the patient's effort and activeness to participate in treatment. Score '6' if the patient participated in all exercises and ' 1' if the patient refused the entire session. The PRPS had high interrater reliability(ICC=.96).

The SF-36v2 is a well-studied, self-reported measure of functional health. Each item includes physical functioning, physical role limitation, pain, general medical health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role limitation, mental health, physical component scale, and mental component scale. Scores from 0 to 100 can be obtained through the SF-36v2 scoring software. Higher scores indicate better health status. There was good internal consistency over 0.7 for all subscales of the questionnaire.