Mental health
The geriatric depression scale short form is used. Participants are asked yes/no questions: if they are satisfied with their lives, have dropped activities and interests, feel their life is empty, often get bored, in good spirits most of the time, afraid that something bad is going to happen to them, feel happy most of the time, often feel hopeless, prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things, have problems with memory, think it is wonderful to be alive, feel worthless, feel full of energy, feel lonely, feel their situation is hopeless, think that most people are better off than they are. Responses will be summed over these questions (scale of 0-15).
Mental health
The geriatric depression scale short form is used. Participants are asked yes/no questions: if they are satisfied with their lives, have dropped activities and interests, feel their life is empty, often get bored, in good spirits most of the time, afraid that something bad is going to happen to them, feel happy most of the time, often feel hopeless, prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things, have problems with memory, think it is wonderful to be alive, feel worthless, feel full of energy, feel lonely, feel their situation is hopeless, think that most people are better off than they are. Responses will be summed over these questions (scale of 0-15).
Mental health
The geriatric depression scale short form is used. Participants are asked yes/no questions: if they are satisfied with their lives, have dropped activities and interests, feel their life is empty, often get bored, in good spirits most of the time, afraid that something bad is going to happen to them, feel happy most of the time, often feel hopeless, prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things, have problems with memory, think it is wonderful to be alive, feel worthless, feel full of energy, feel lonely, feel their situation is hopeless, think that most people are better off than they are. Responses will be summed over these questions (scale of 0-15).
Difficulty in performing daily activities/Functional impairment score
Participants will be asked the level of difficulty they have in doing each of the following tasks: standing for 30 minutes, walking a long distance (1km), concentrating for 10 minutes, learning a new task like getting to a new place, washing whole body, getting dressed, taking care of household activities, doing day-to-day work, dealing with people they do not know, maintaining a friendship, being emotionally affected by health problems, and joining in community activities. The scale is from 0-4, with 0 being no difficulty, 1 mild, 2 moderate, 3 severe, and 4 cannot do. The scores will be summed to create a cumulative score on a 0-48 scale.
Difficulty in performing daily activities/Functional impairment score
Participants will be asked the level of difficulty they have in doing each of the following tasks: standing for 30 minutes, walking a long distance (1km), concentrating for 10 minutes, learning a new task like getting to a new place, washing whole body, getting dressed, taking care of household activities, doing day-to-day work, dealing with people they do not know, maintaining a friendship, being emotionally affected by health problems, and joining in community activities. The scale is from 0-4, with 0 being no difficulty, 1 mild, 2 moderate, 3 severe, and 4 cannot do. The scores will be summed to create a cumulative score on a 0-48 scale.
Difficulty in performing daily activities/Functional impairment score
Participants will be asked the level of difficulty they have in doing each of the following tasks: standing for 30 minutes, walking a long distance (1km), concentrating for 10 minutes, learning a new task like getting to a new place, washing whole body, getting dressed, taking care of household activities, doing day-to-day work, dealing with people they do not know, maintaining a friendship, being emotionally affected by health problems, and joining in community activities. The scale is from 0-4, with 0 being no difficulty, 1 mild, 2 moderate, 3 severe, and 4 cannot do. The scores will be summed to create a cumulative score on a 0-48 scale.
Loneliness
Measured using the short-form University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (aka ULS-4). This is a 4-item scale designed to measure one's subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation. The questions are: no one really knows me well, people are around me but not with me, I feel in tune with the people around me, I can find companionship when I want it. Subjects rate each item as either O ("I often feel this way"), S ("I sometimes feel this way"), R ("I rarely feel this way"), N ("I never feel this way"). Responses are summed over the four questions.
Loneliness
Measured using the short-form University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (aka ULS-4). This is a 4-item scale designed to measure one's subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation. The questions are: no one really knows me well, people are around me but not with me, I feel in tune with the people around me, I can find companionship when I want it. Subjects rate each item as either O ("I often feel this way"), S ("I sometimes feel this way"), R ("I rarely feel this way"), N ("I never feel this way"). Responses are summed over the four questions.
Loneliness
Measured using the short-form University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (aka ULS-4). This is a 4-item scale designed to measure one's subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation. The questions are: no one really knows me well, people are around me but not with me, I feel in tune with the people around me, I can find companionship when I want it. Subjects rate each item as either O ("I often feel this way"), S ("I sometimes feel this way"), R ("I rarely feel this way"), N ("I never feel this way"). Responses are summed over the four questions.
Cognitive function
Participants will be administered the mini mental state exam, scored on a 0-11 scale.
Cognitive function
Participants will be administered the mini mental state exam, scored on a 0-11 scale.
Cognitive function
Participants will be administered the mini mental state exam, scored on a 0-11 scale.
Sleep
Using self-reported information about sleep (including average hours slept per night over the past week, if sleep is interrupted as an indicator variable, and scale of sleep quality on a scale from 1 indicating "Very Good" to 4 indicating "Very Bad"). The indicator for sleep interruptions and the scale for sleep quality will be flipped. The three questions will then be combined to create an index where an increase in the index indicates better sleep.
Sleep
Using self-reported information about sleep (including average hours slept per night over the past week, if sleep is interrupted as an indicator variable, and scale of sleep quality on a scale from 1 indicating "Very Good" to 4 indicating "Very Bad"). The indicator for sleep interruptions and the scale for sleep quality will be flipped. The three questions will then be combined to create an index where an increase in the index indicates better sleep.
Sleep
Using self-reported information about sleep (including average hours slept per night over the past week, if sleep is interrupted as an indicator variable, and scale of sleep quality on a scale from 1 indicating "Very Good" to 4 indicating "Very Bad"). The indicator for sleep interruptions and the scale for sleep quality will be flipped. The three questions will then be combined to create an index where an increase in the index indicates better sleep.
Self-assessed pain
Using self-assessed pain on a scale where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "worst pain possible".
Self-assessed pain
Using self-assessed pain on a scale where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "worst pain possible".
Self-assessed pain
Using self-assessed pain on a scale where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "worst pain possible".
Community and social integration
Elders asked whether they were visited or had visited someone in the last month. Elders were asked how frequently they: attend a public meeting, meet personally with a community leader, work with other people in their neighborhood to fix or improve something, attend cultural performances or shows, talk on the phone with relatives or friends outside the household (scale of "Never", "Once or Twice per Year", "Once or Twice per Month", "Once or Twice per Week", "Daily"). Elders also asked if they are treated with respect within their household (responses include "Yes, all the time", "Mostly yes", and "Never"). Three subindices will be created for visits, participation in community activities, and feeling respected. The three subindices will then be combined into who index where an increase in the index indicates greater community and social integration.
Community and social integration
Elders asked whether they were visited or had visited someone in the last month. Elders were asked how frequently they: attend a public meeting, meet personally with a community leader, work with other people in their neighborhood to fix or improve something, attend cultural performances or shows, talk on the phone with relatives or friends outside the household (scale of "Never", "Once or Twice per Year", "Once or Twice per Month", "Once or Twice per Week", "Daily"). Elders also asked if they are treated with respect within their household (responses include "Yes, all the time", "Mostly yes", and "Never"). Three subindices will be created for visits, participation in community activities, and feeling respected. The three subindices will then be combined into who index where an increase in the index indicates greater community and social integration.
Community and social integration
Elders asked whether they were visited or had visited someone in the last month. Elders were asked how frequently they: attend a public meeting, meet personally with a community leader, work with other people in their neighborhood to fix or improve something, attend cultural performances or shows, talk on the phone with relatives or friends outside the household (scale of "Never", "Once or Twice per Year", "Once or Twice per Month", "Once or Twice per Week", "Daily"). Elders also asked if they are treated with respect within their household (responses include "Yes, all the time", "Mostly yes", and "Never"). Three subindices will be created for visits, participation in community activities, and feeling respected. The three subindices will then be combined into who index where an increase in the index indicates greater community and social integration.
Health outcomes
The investigators will construct indicators for abnormal readings for biomarkers (including blood pressure, blood sugar, and anemia), and abnormal readings for elder's ability to perform basic physical tasks (a time up and go test and an endurance test that counts the number of unassisted stands an elder can complete). Health measurements will be combined into an index where an increase in the index indicates worse health.
Health outcomes
The investigators will construct indicators for abnormal readings for biomarkers (including blood pressure, blood sugar, and anemia), and abnormal readings for elder's ability to perform basic physical tasks (a time up and go test and an endurance test that counts the number of unassisted stands an elder can complete). Health measurements will be combined into an index where an increase in the index indicates worse health.
Health behavior
Participants will be asked if they avail free screening of Diseases at Government Hospitals (0/1).
Health behavior
Participants will be asked if they avail free screening of Diseases at Government Hospitals (0/1).
Health behavior
Participants will be asked if they avail free screening of Diseases at Government Hospitals (0/1).
Health utilization
Participants will be offered to complete a medical exam on the spot. Outcome will be if the elder chooses to participate in the medical test (0/1).
Health utilization
Participants will be offered to complete a medical exam on the spot. Outcome will be if the elder chooses to participate in the medical test (0/1).
Health utilization
Participants will be offered to complete a medical exam on the spot. Outcome will be if the elder chooses to participate in the medical test (0/1).
CBT utilization
Participants will be given a scenario about an elder facing a problem. Elders will be asked what they would suggest the elder do, with options that include activities discussed in the CBT sessions. Outcome will be if elder selects a method discussed in CBT curriculum.
CBT utilization
Participants will be given a scenario about an elder facing a problem. Elders will be asked what they would suggest the elder do, with options that include activities discussed in the CBT sessions. Outcome will be if elder selects a method discussed in CBT curriculum.
CBT utilization
Participants will be given a scenario about an elder facing a problem. Elders will be asked what they would suggest the elder do, with options that include activities discussed in the CBT sessions. Outcome will be if elder selects a method discussed in CBT curriculum.