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Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) on Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects With Periodontitis

Primary Purpose

Periodontitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Malaysia
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
Nonsurgical periodontal therapy
Sponsored by
University of Malaya
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional treatment trial for Periodontitis focused on measuring periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, nonsurgical periodontal therapy, professional mechanical plaque removal, oral hygiene education

Eligibility Criteria

18 Years - undefined (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria: All RA patients who fulfill the American College of Rheumatology (formerly the American Rheumatism Association) 2010 revised criteria for the classification of RA and who are unresponsive to conventional RA treatment. At least 4 sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) ≥5mm and 4 sites with clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥3mm distributed in at least 2 quadrants (Papapanou et al, 2018) and will be designated as having Stage II and Stage III periodontitis in addition to Bleeding on Probing (BoP) score of >30% representing generalised inflammation (Chapple et al, 2017) Patients should have a minimum of 14 teeth present. Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are on antibiotic use during the previous 3 months before study Patients who have received nonsurgical periodontal treatment within 6 months and surgical periodontal treatment within 12 months before the study. Patients who have any concurrent systemic or debilitating conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes. Non Malaysian subjects Patients who are pregnant Presence of acute dental pain or infections

Sites / Locations

  • Universiti MalayaRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

No Intervention

Arm Label

Nonsurgical periodontal therapy

Delayed treatment

Arm Description

Subjects in the IG will be given non-surgical periodontal treatment comprising of oral hygiene instructions, scaling and root surface debridement. Scaling will be carried out with ultrasonic scaler. For root surface debridement (for sites with PPD >4mm), local anaesthetic will be administered and ultrasonic scaler and Gracey curettes will be used. The scaling and root surface debridement will be done in 2 sittings over 2 different days within a week. Oral hygiene instructions and additional supportive scaling and root surface debridement will be repeated at 3 months and 6 months if judged necessary (presence of sites with BOP and/or PPD ≥5mm).

Oral hygiene instructions at baseline and will be repeated at 3 months and 6 months. All subjects will receive scaling and root surface debridement at the end of the 6 month trial.

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Reduction in DAS28-ESR score
DAS28-ESR levels below 5.1

Secondary Outcome Measures

Reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD)
Pockets less than 5 mm which bleed on probing
Reduction in ACPA levels
ACPA levels below 6.2U/ml

Full Information

First Posted
May 3, 2023
Last Updated
June 5, 2023
Sponsor
University of Malaya
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1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05880303
Brief Title
Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) on Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects With Periodontitis
Official Title
Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) on Inflammatory Mediators, Subgingival Microbiota and Quality of Life Impacts in Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects With Periodontitis
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
April 2023
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
January 3, 2023 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
December 31, 2023 (Anticipated)
Study Completion Date
June 30, 2025 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor
Name of the Sponsor
University of Malaya

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
Periodontitis (PD), a chronic inflammatory disease which results in irreversible attachment loss, bone destruction and, if left untreated, tooth loss. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is an autoimmune disease characterized as a chronic inflammatory disorder leading to synovial inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. RA and PD which are commonly seen in elderly have many similarities in terms of pathophysiology and clinical progression. Previous findings from the investigators reported that inflamed periodontal tissues of RA subjects with PD are a potential site for post translational modification of proteins as there was increase in presence of citrullinated and carbamylated proteins in gingival tissues. Autoantibodies to these proteins have been reported to be involved in loss of immune tolerance which leads to RA and its progression. Currently there are gaps in our knowledge concerning the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSTP), comprising oral hygiene instructions, scaling and root surface debridement on presence of these autoantibodies and inflammatory outcomes of RA. It is hypothesized that reduction in periodontal inflammation may concurrently reduce the systemic inflammatory load which is responsible in perpetuating RA joint inflammation. Here, the investigators propose to perform a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study on RA subjects with stage 2 or 3 periodontitis to assess the effect of NSTP on the reduction of these autoantibodies and inflammatory mediators as well as RA related disease activity measures such as ESR, CRP and Disease Activity Score 28-joint count (DAS28). The investigators will also assess changes in subgingival microbiota associated with RA-PD in response to NSTP using next generation sequencing. This study will help determine if RA individuals could benefit from early and appropriate NSPT, thus reducing periodontal inflammation and a similar impact on RA disease could be expected. This will ultimately improve patients' quality of life and reduce societal burden related to increased patient discomfort and treatment costs.
Detailed Description
Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease which results in irreversible attachment loss, bone destruction and tooth loss. The primary aetiology of PD is the dental biofilm while the host inflammatory response causes the resulting tissue damage. PD is a major oral health problem worldwide and affects about 50% of the Malaysian population with 18% having severe PD. PD has been identified by the World Health Organisation to be a significant contributor to the global burden of oral disease and is reported to be the 6th most prevalent disease globally. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized as a chronic inflammatory disorder leading to synovial inflammation and destruction of the cartilage and bone. The aetiology of RA is unclear, however, prior to the clinical manifestations of RA, a preclinical immunological phase shown by the identification of serum autoantibodies is seen years before the development of RA. RA has a global prevalence of 1%, is more common in females and increases with age and has a deleterious effect on joint function and quality of life. Many studies have concluded that there is a considerable positive association between PD and RA. Our previous study has shown that the prevalence of PD in RA subjects in University of Malaya Medical Centre was 33% with 18% of the RA subjects having severe forms of PD. Both PD and RA are chronic inflammatory diseases with similar host mediated pathogenesis and commonly seen in the elderly. They share numerous characteristics and pathogenic similarities with regards to lifestyle risk factors, immuno-genetics, disease progression and tissue destruction pathways to justify the hypothesis that there is a plausible link between them. Prior to the onset of the clinical manifestations of RA, a pre-clinical immunological phase takes place whereby autoantibodies appear in patients' sera. Currently, the most studied autoantibodies are rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Citrullination, which is a common post-translational modification of arginine to citrulline, is initiated by peptidiyl arginine deiminase enzymes (PADs) that are elevated at sites of inflammation. It has been proposed that P. gingivalis, a bacteria commonly associated with periodontitis, is capable of citrullinating proteins through the P. gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD) it releases as well as being autocitrullinated. Contradictory findings have also been reported in the literature about the presence of peptidyl citrulline-specific antibodies to PPAD (anti-PPAD antibodies) in RA and PD patients. There is also emerging evidence on the involvement of carbamylation, a different type of post-translational modification of proteins, in the pathogenesis of RA. Carbamylation is a nonenzymatic chemical reaction with cyanate that converts lysine residues to homocitrulline. Carbamylation of proteins occurs spontaneously but is increased in the presence of either urea (chronic kidney disease) or myeloperoxidase (inflammation). It leads to the formation of anti-carbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP). The production of anti-CarP has been associated or implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and RA. A recent meta-analysis concluded that anti-CarP has a moderate diagnostic value in RA. Carbamylated proteins have been identified in inflamed periodontal tissues. Thus inflamed periodontal tissues may be a possible source of carbamylated protein modification that induces breakdown of immune tolerance in susceptible individuals who then progress to developing RA. Effects of periodontal therapy in subjects with RA and PD i) Effect on the changes in periodontal inflammatory markers and RA disease activity Nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) reduces infection and periodontal inflammation through preventive measures of good oral hygiene, supra- and sub-gingival scaling and root surface debridement. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of NSPT towards RA disease activity and treatment outcome. NSPT which aims to control the dental biofilm from the supra and subgingival area has been reported to aid in decreasing systemic inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix-metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8), MMP-9, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in RA subjects with PD, suggesting a reduction in systemic inflammation following nonsurgical periodontal treatment. These findings were however disputed a systematic review reported that CRP and TNF-α was not significantly reduced after NSPT in RA patients. However the authors have suggested that this lack of effect in RA subjects may be due to the small sample size used in the studies or the masking of effect due to the use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), leading to a low RA disease activity state. DAS28 score is a measure of RA disease activity in RA subjects. Researchers demonstrated that non-surgical periodontal therapy led to improvements of DAS28 scores regardless of the disease activity of RA. It was also reported that there was a positive trend towards reduction of DAS28 score following NSPT. The investigators recent findings have confirmed that inflammed periodontal tissues in RA subjects serve as a potential site of protein carbamylation and citrullination (unpublished data). Periodontal inflammation may possibly be responsible for prompting the breakdown of immune tolerance to autoantigens and progressing to RA in individuals with genetic vulnerability. It has been hypothesized the dual hit hypothesis for pathogenesis of RA being driven by citrullination or carbamylation, or both, in inflammed periodontal tissues. Significant reduction in anti-CitP levels after 1 month of NSPT has been reported. To the best of the investigators knowledge no study has looked at the effect of periodontal therapy on levels of anti-CarbP in RA subjects with PD. In short, the evidence on the effect of NSPT in contributing to improvements of RA status is contradictory. Most of the previous studies involved only small sample sizes with short follow-up periods. Longitudinal studies with larger samples sizes are therefore needed to warrant the role of periodontal therapy in both diseases. ii) Effect on changes in subgingival microbial diversity The most virulent bacteria associated with chronic periodontitis are Prophromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Tannarella forsythia (T.forsythia), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitans) and Treponema denticola (T.denticola). Recently, new insights into the plausible aetiological link between periodonto-pathogens and RA have been reported. A mechanistic link via citrullination between P. gingivalis and its P. gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD); and RA has been suggested. Using an animal model, it has been demonstrated that collagen-induced arthritis was aggravated by injecting live P. gingivalis compared to heat-killed P. gingivalis in mice. This implies that exacerbation of RA is PPAD expression dependent. Therefore, they argued that PPAD was a possible trigger of a pathogenic autoimmune response in RA. It has been speculated that the migration of the bacterial DNA from the oral cavity to the joint could be in free DNA form. P. gingivalis DNA within the synovial fluid and synovial tissue of inflamed joints have been observed in RA subjects. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated in animal models that P. gingivalis may be able to amplify autoimmune arthritis through systemic dissemination. Previous clinical investigations on the associations between specific oral microbiota and RA were mostly based on serological methods. Data describing the subgingival microbiota in patients with RA using next generation sequencing technology is virtually non-existent. Only one known study has looked into the oral microbiota association with RA-PD using pyro-sequencing. The investigators demonstrated that subgingival microbiota profile in patients with new-onset RA was similar to that in patients with chronic RA and healthy subjects whose PD was of comparable severity. Clinical trials have suggested a positive influence of NSPT on the severity of RA. However, evidence regarding the effects of NSPT on the microbiological profile in RA patients is scarce since the microbiota in subgingival biofilms were not assessed in these studies. A recent study looking at the effect of NSPT on subgingival microbiological parameters have reported that counts of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola decreased significantly in PD but not in the RA-PD group. iii) Effect on changes in oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) and health related quality of life (HRQoL) While researchers and clinicians focus on the clinical manifestations of both PD and RA, however that which is more relevant to subjects with PD, RA or both these diseases are symptoms that are not measurable with a clinician's measurement parameter. Recognition of this shortfall has yielded in the development of numerous instruments to fill this gap of knowledge. These instruments measure patient-centred quality of life (QoL) and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) and contribute to ideal care management providence. One of the most widely used instrument to measure OHRQoL in patients with PD is the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) which has been adapted to many different languages and validated for use in different populations with cultural diversity. The most commonly used instrument for health related quality of life (HRQoL) in RA patients is the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) which was published by the Stanford Arthritis Center in 1981. These instruments best report the disease from a patient's perspective and measures how significantly it impacts their life. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that oral health has high influence on quality of life especially in subjects with PD. The investigators previous study has found that severe PD had a greater impact on OHRQoL compared to healthy subjects. The reported impacts were mainly for functional limitation and psychological discomfort dimensions. The impacts on OHRQoL was more in generalized svere PD as compared to localized disease. The limited mobility of joints of RA patients will affect their HRQoL and may restrict them from performing adequate oral hygiene, eventually resulting in increased inflammatory activity and possibility of periodontal disease. Thus, improvement of these complications may contribute to better QOL and OHRQoL for RA patients. This has been demonstrated that at 3 months, the QOL significantly improved in diabetes subjects with periodontitis who received periodontal treatment as compared to the control group that had no treatment.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
Periodontitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis
Keywords
periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, nonsurgical periodontal therapy, professional mechanical plaque removal, oral hygiene education

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Treatment
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
Randomized controlled clinical trial with two parallel groups (intervention versus delayed treatment), with a balanced 1:1 treatment allocation and with 6 months follow-up for both groups.
Masking
InvestigatorOutcomes Assessor
Masking Description
single-blinded parallel arm study
Allocation
Randomized
Enrollment
40 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
Nonsurgical periodontal therapy
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
Subjects in the IG will be given non-surgical periodontal treatment comprising of oral hygiene instructions, scaling and root surface debridement. Scaling will be carried out with ultrasonic scaler. For root surface debridement (for sites with PPD >4mm), local anaesthetic will be administered and ultrasonic scaler and Gracey curettes will be used. The scaling and root surface debridement will be done in 2 sittings over 2 different days within a week. Oral hygiene instructions and additional supportive scaling and root surface debridement will be repeated at 3 months and 6 months if judged necessary (presence of sites with BOP and/or PPD ≥5mm).
Arm Title
Delayed treatment
Arm Type
No Intervention
Arm Description
Oral hygiene instructions at baseline and will be repeated at 3 months and 6 months. All subjects will receive scaling and root surface debridement at the end of the 6 month trial.
Intervention Type
Procedure
Intervention Name(s)
Nonsurgical periodontal therapy
Other Intervention Name(s)
Professiona mechanical plaque removal and root surface instrumentation
Intervention Description
Oral Hygiene education, scaling and root surface debridement at baseline and 3 months
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Reduction in DAS28-ESR score
Description
DAS28-ESR levels below 5.1
Time Frame
6 months
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD)
Description
Pockets less than 5 mm which bleed on probing
Time Frame
6 months
Title
Reduction in ACPA levels
Description
ACPA levels below 6.2U/ml
Time Frame
6 months

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
18 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: All RA patients who fulfill the American College of Rheumatology (formerly the American Rheumatism Association) 2010 revised criteria for the classification of RA and who are unresponsive to conventional RA treatment. At least 4 sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) ≥5mm and 4 sites with clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥3mm distributed in at least 2 quadrants (Papapanou et al, 2018) and will be designated as having Stage II and Stage III periodontitis in addition to Bleeding on Probing (BoP) score of >30% representing generalised inflammation (Chapple et al, 2017) Patients should have a minimum of 14 teeth present. Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are on antibiotic use during the previous 3 months before study Patients who have received nonsurgical periodontal treatment within 6 months and surgical periodontal treatment within 12 months before the study. Patients who have any concurrent systemic or debilitating conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes. Non Malaysian subjects Patients who are pregnant Presence of acute dental pain or infections
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Rathna Devi Vaithilingam, MCD(Perio)
Phone
+60162210065
Email
rathna@um.edu.my
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Chia Wei Cheah, PhD
Email
chiawei@um.edu.my
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Rathna Devi Vaithilingam, MCD(Perio)
Organizational Affiliation
Universiti Malaya
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Universiti Malaya
City
Kuala Lumpur
State/Province
Federal Territory
ZIP/Postal Code
56100
Country
Malaysia
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Rathna Vaithilingam, MCD(Perio)
Phone
0162210065
Email
rathna@um.edu.my
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Chia Wei Cheah, PhD
Email
chiawei@um.edu.my

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
Yes
IPD Sharing Plan Description
IPD will be shared upon request
IPD Sharing Time Frame
After publication of research
IPD Sharing Access Criteria
To anyone who wishes to access the data.
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
34284769
Citation
Lew PH, Rahman MT, Safii SH, Baharuddin NA, Bartold PM, Sockalingam S, Kassim NLA, Vaithilingam RD. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins in relation to periodontitis with or without rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2021 Jul 20;21(1):360. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01712-y.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
31473702
Citation
Lee YH, Lew PH, Cheah CW, Rahman MT, Baharuddin NA, Vaithilingam RD. Potential mechanisms linking periodontitis to rheumatoid arthritis. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2019 Jul 1;21(3):99-110.
Results Reference
background
PubMed Identifier
32656595
Citation
Lee YH, Baharuddin NA, Chan SW, Rahman MT, Bartold PM, Sockalingam S, Vaithilingam RD. Localisation of citrullinated and carbamylated proteins in inflamed gingival tissues from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Mar;25(3):1441-1450. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03452-9. Epub 2020 Jul 12.
Results Reference
background

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Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) on Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects With Periodontitis

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