A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Luspatercept for the Treatment of Transfusion-dependent (TD) Anemia Associated With Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) & Beta-thalassemia (β-Thal) in India

Inclusion Criteria: β-Thalassemia Cohort Documented diagnosis of β-thalassemia or hemoglobin (Hb E/β-thalassemia). (β-thalassemia with mutation and/or multiplication of alpha [α] globin is allowed). Regularly transfused, defined as 6 RBC units to 20 RBC units in the 24 weeks prior to enrollment and no transfusion-free period for > 35 days during that period. MDS-RS Cohort - Participant has documented diagnosis of MDS according to World Health Organization (WHO) (2016)/French-American-British FAB classification that meets revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) classification of very low, low, or intermediate risk disease and the following criteria: i) RS ≥ 15% of erythroid precursors in bone marrow. If the SF3B1 mutation is present, RS ≥ 5% will be included. ii) Less than 5% blasts in bone marrow and < 1% peripheral blood blasts. iii) Peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) count < 13,000/ microliters (μL). If the participant was previously treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), both agents must have been discontinued ≥ 4 weeks prior to the date of enrollment. Exclusion Criteria: β-Thalassemia Cohort A diagnosis of Hb S/β-thalassemia or α-thalassemia (for exampe, Hemoglobin H). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or stroke requiring medical intervention ≤ 24 weeks prior to enrollment. Use of chronic anticoagulant therapy is excluded unless the treatment stopped at least 28 days prior to enrollment. Anticoagulant therapies used for prophylaxis for surgery or high-risk procedures as well as low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparin for superficial venous thrombosis and chronic aspirin are allowed. MDS-RS Cohort MDS associated with del 5q cytogenetic abnormality. Secondary MDS, that is, MDS that is known to have arisen as the result of chemical injury or treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation for other diseases. Participant has known clinically significant anemia due to iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies; autoimmune or hereditary hemolytic anemia; or gastrointestinal bleeding. Iron deficiency to be determined by serum ferritin ≤ 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L) and additional testing if clinically indicated (for example, calculated transferrin saturation [iron/total iron binding capacity ≤ 20%] or bone marrow aspirate [BMA] stain for iron).