search
Back to results

Explore the Effectors of The Transtheoretical Model on Nutritional Education in Patients on Hemodialysis

Primary Purpose

End-Stage Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia

Status
Recruiting
Phase
Not Applicable
Locations
Taiwan
Study Type
Interventional
Intervention
multimedia education
Sponsored by
Liu, Liu-Yin
About
Eligibility
Locations
Arms
Outcomes
Full info

About this trial

This is an interventional prevention trial for End-Stage Kidney Disease focused on measuring hemodialysis,nutrition education,The Transtheoretical Model

Eligibility Criteria

51 Years - undefined (Adult, Older Adult)All SexesDoes not accept healthy volunteers

Inclusion Criteria: the biochemical value ≥ 5.5 mg/dl or albumin value<3.8g/dL BMI<23kg/m2 Unexpected weight loss. Must be able to swallow tablets Exclusion Criteria: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Malignant tumors, gastrointestinal cachexia, and catheterization

Sites / Locations

  • Liu liu.yinRecruiting

Arms of the Study

Arm 1

Arm 2

Arm Type

Experimental

Placebo Comparator

Arm Label

the theoretical model nutritional education

control

Arm Description

instruction with multimedia

instruction with traditional paper

Outcomes

Primary Outcome Measures

Change from Baseline in Biochemical value (Albumine) at the third month
Biochemical value (Albumine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 3.8gm/dl is considered malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value (Albumine) at the fourth month
Biochemical value (Albumine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 3.8gm/dl is considered malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value (Albumine) at the sixth month
Biochemical value (Albumine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 3.8gm/dl is considered malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) at the third month
Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value greater than 1.2gm/day/k
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) at the fourth month
Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value greater than 1.2gm/day/k
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) at the sixth month
Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value greater than 1.2gm/day/k
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(cholesterol )at the third month
Biochemical value( cholesterol) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 100mg/dl is considered malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(cholesterol )at the fourth month
Biochemical value( cholesterol) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 100mg/dl is considered malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(cholesterol )at the sixth month
Biochemical value( cholesterol) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 100mg/dl is considered malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(creatine)at the third month
Biochemical value(creatine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 8-10 mg/dl before hemodialysis indicates malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(creatine) at the fourth month
Biochemical value(creatine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 8-10 mg/dl before hemodialysis indicates malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(creatine) at the sixth month
Biochemical value(creatine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 8-10 mg/dl before hemodialysis indicates malnutrition
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( Phosphate) at the third month
Biochemical value(Phosphate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( Phosphate) at the fourth month
Biochemical value(Phosphate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( Phosphate) at the sixth month
Biochemical value(Phosphate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Change from Baseline in body measurement ( Hand grip strength ) at the third month
Hand grip strength is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, male ≤ 30 kilograms, female ≤ 20 kilograms, indicating a risk of frailty
Change from Baseline in body measurement ( Hand grip strength ) at the fourth month
Hand grip strength is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, male ≤ 30 kilograms, female ≤ 20 kilograms, indicating a risk of frailty
Change from Baseline in body measurement ( Hand grip strength ) at the sixth month
Hand grip strength is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, male ≤ 30 kilograms, female ≤ 20 kilograms, indicating a risk of frailty
Change from Baseline in (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) at the third month
(Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis,Out of 14 points. ≤11 points malnutrition risk. ≤7 points malnutrition.
Change from Baseline in (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) at the fourth month
(Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis,Out of 14 points. ≤11 points malnutrition risk. ≤7 points malnutrition.
Change from Baseline in (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) at the sixth month
(Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis,Out of 14 points. ≤11 points malnutrition risk. ≤7 points malnutrition.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Change from Baseline in the diet of knowledge form at the third month
The diet of knowledge form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 10 points. The higher the score, the positive performance on healthy diet knowledge
Change from Baseline in the diet of knowledge form at the fourth month
The diet of knowledge form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 10 points. The higher the score, the positive performance on healthy diet knowledge
Change from Baseline in the diet of knowledge form at the sixth month
The diet of knowledge form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 10 points. The higher the score, the positive performance on healthy diet knowledge
Change from Baseline in the diet of attitude form at the third month
The diet of attitude form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive attitude towards healthy eating
Change from Baseline in the diet of attitude form at the fourth month
The diet of attitude form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive attitude towards healthy eating
Change from Baseline in the diet of attitude form at the sixth month
The diet of attitude form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive attitude towards healthy eating
Change from Baseline in the diet of behavior form at the third month
The diet of behavior form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive performance on healthy eating behavior
Change from Baseline in the diet of behavior form at the fourth month
The diet of behavior form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive performance on healthy eating behavior
Change from Baseline in the diet of behavior form at the sixth month
The diet of behavior form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive performance on healthy eating behavior
Change from Baseline in the high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire at the third month
The high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 42. The higher the score, the negative the frequency of food intake with high phosphorus.
Change from Baseline in the high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire at the fourth month
The high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 42. The higher the score, the negative the frequency of food intake with high phosphorus.
Change from Baseline in the high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire at the sixth month
The high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 42. The higher the score, the negative the frequency of food intake with high phosphorus.
Change from Baseline in the six major food frequency questionnaire at the third month
The six major food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,Full score is 12 points. A higher score indicates a balanced performance on the six major food intake frequencies
Change from Baseline in the six major food frequency questionnaire at the fourth month
The six major food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,Full score is 12 points. A higher score indicates a balanced performance on the six major food intake frequencies
Change from Baseline in the six major food frequency questionnaire at the sixth month
The six major food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,Full score is 12 points. A higher score indicates a balanced performance on the six major food intake frequencies

Full Information

First Posted
May 18, 2023
Last Updated
July 10, 2023
Sponsor
Liu, Liu-Yin
search

1. Study Identification

Unique Protocol Identification Number
NCT05897502
Brief Title
Explore the Effectors of The Transtheoretical Model on Nutritional Education in Patients on Hemodialysis
Official Title
A 34-Week Single-Blind Trial of Explore the Effectors of The Transtheoretical Model on Nutritional Education in Patients on Hemodialysis
Study Type
Interventional

2. Study Status

Record Verification Date
July 2023
Overall Recruitment Status
Recruiting
Study Start Date
July 6, 2023 (Actual)
Primary Completion Date
July 11, 2023 (Actual)
Study Completion Date
June 30, 2024 (Anticipated)

3. Sponsor/Collaborators

Responsible Party, by Official Title
Sponsor-Investigator
Name of the Sponsor
Liu, Liu-Yin

4. Oversight

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product
No
Data Monitoring Committee
Yes

5. Study Description

Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to assess the improvement degree of nutritional care program on the nutritional status and eating habits of hemodialysis patients
Detailed Description
After being informed about the study and potential risks, all patients giving written Informed consent will undergo a 1-week screening period to determine eligibility For study entry. At week 0, eligible patients will be assigned to the intervention group and the control group by single-blind manner(participant) with convenience sampling. In the intervention group, the patients were trained in The Transtheoretical Model on nutritional education for 8 weeks. In the control group, the patients were trained in roution nutrition education.

6. Conditions and Keywords

Primary Disease or Condition Being Studied in the Trial, or the Focus of the Study
End-Stage Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia
Keywords
hemodialysis,nutrition education,The Transtheoretical Model

7. Study Design

Primary Purpose
Prevention
Study Phase
Not Applicable
Interventional Study Model
Parallel Assignment
Model Description
The research design explores the evaluation of intervention effectiveness through a parallel group and experimental research design. Intentionally select experimental and control groups. A single blinding design (participants). The experimental group used multi-media education, 20 minutes per session, total 8 courses. The control group received routine education. The Principal investigator explains the research purpose to eligible participant, and signs a consent form. The interviewer conducted data: basic information and nutritional status indicators (mini nutritional assessment scale, dietary knowledge, attitude, behavior scale, simple dietary intake frequency scale) of two groups of hemodialysis patients as the Baseline. After 8-week nutritional education by dialysis nursing staff. Post tests (dietary knowledge, attitude, behavior scale, mini nutritional assessment scale, simple dietary intake frequency scale) were conducted by interviewer at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th months.
Masking
Participant
Masking Description
The participant does not know who the intervention group is versus the control group
Allocation
Non-Randomized
Enrollment
60 (Anticipated)

8. Arms, Groups, and Interventions

Arm Title
the theoretical model nutritional education
Arm Type
Experimental
Arm Description
instruction with multimedia
Arm Title
control
Arm Type
Placebo Comparator
Arm Description
instruction with traditional paper
Intervention Type
Behavioral
Intervention Name(s)
multimedia education
Other Intervention Name(s)
instruction with traditional paper
Intervention Description
The experimental group use multimedia education, 20 minute nutrition education courses each time, a total of 8 courses. The control group use routine education.
Primary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value (Albumine) at the third month
Description
Biochemical value (Albumine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 3.8gm/dl is considered malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value (Albumine) at the fourth month
Description
Biochemical value (Albumine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 3.8gm/dl is considered malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value (Albumine) at the sixth month
Description
Biochemical value (Albumine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 3.8gm/dl is considered malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) at the third month
Description
Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value greater than 1.2gm/day/k
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) at the fourth month
Description
Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value greater than 1.2gm/day/k
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) at the sixth month
Description
Biochemical value( normalized protein catabolic rate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value greater than 1.2gm/day/k
Time Frame
Baseline and the sitxth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(cholesterol )at the third month
Description
Biochemical value( cholesterol) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 100mg/dl is considered malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(cholesterol )at the fourth month
Description
Biochemical value( cholesterol) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 100mg/dl is considered malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(cholesterol )at the sixth month
Description
Biochemical value( cholesterol) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 100mg/dl is considered malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(creatine)at the third month
Description
Biochemical value(creatine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 8-10 mg/dl before hemodialysis indicates malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(creatine) at the fourth month
Description
Biochemical value(creatine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 8-10 mg/dl before hemodialysis indicates malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value(creatine) at the sixth month
Description
Biochemical value(creatine) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, less than 8-10 mg/dl before hemodialysis indicates malnutrition
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( Phosphate) at the third month
Description
Biochemical value(Phosphate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( Phosphate) at the fourth month
Description
Biochemical value(Phosphate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in Biochemical value( Phosphate) at the sixth month
Description
Biochemical value(Phosphate) is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, normal value is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in body measurement ( Hand grip strength ) at the third month
Description
Hand grip strength is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, male ≤ 30 kilograms, female ≤ 20 kilograms, indicating a risk of frailty
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in body measurement ( Hand grip strength ) at the fourth month
Description
Hand grip strength is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, male ≤ 30 kilograms, female ≤ 20 kilograms, indicating a risk of frailty
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in body measurement ( Hand grip strength ) at the sixth month
Description
Hand grip strength is a validated to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis, male ≤ 30 kilograms, female ≤ 20 kilograms, indicating a risk of frailty
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) at the third month
Description
(Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis,Out of 14 points. ≤11 points malnutrition risk. ≤7 points malnutrition.
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) at the fourth month
Description
(Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis,Out of 14 points. ≤11 points malnutrition risk. ≤7 points malnutrition.
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) at the sixth month
Description
(Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis,Out of 14 points. ≤11 points malnutrition risk. ≤7 points malnutrition.
Time Frame
Baseline and the six month
Secondary Outcome Measure Information:
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of knowledge form at the third month
Description
The diet of knowledge form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 10 points. The higher the score, the positive performance on healthy diet knowledge
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of knowledge form at the fourth month
Description
The diet of knowledge form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 10 points. The higher the score, the positive performance on healthy diet knowledge
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of knowledge form at the sixth month
Description
The diet of knowledge form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 10 points. The higher the score, the positive performance on healthy diet knowledge
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of attitude form at the third month
Description
The diet of attitude form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive attitude towards healthy eating
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of attitude form at the fourth month
Description
The diet of attitude form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive attitude towards healthy eating
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of attitude form at the sixth month
Description
The diet of attitude form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive attitude towards healthy eating
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of behavior form at the third month
Description
The diet of behavior form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive performance on healthy eating behavior
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of behavior form at the fourth month
Description
The diet of behavior form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive performance on healthy eating behavior
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the diet of behavior form at the sixth month
Description
The diet of behavior form is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 20 points. A higher score indicates a positive performance on healthy eating behavior
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire at the third month
Description
The high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 42. The higher the score, the negative the frequency of food intake with high phosphorus.
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in the high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire at the fourth month
Description
The high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 42. The higher the score, the negative the frequency of food intake with high phosphorus.
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire at the sixth month
Description
The high phosphorus food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,The full score is 42. The higher the score, the negative the frequency of food intake with high phosphorus.
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the six major food frequency questionnaire at the third month
Description
The six major food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,Full score is 12 points. A higher score indicates a balanced performance on the six major food intake frequencies
Time Frame
Baseline and the third month
Title
Change from Baseline in the six major food frequency questionnaire at the fourth month
Description
The six major food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,Full score is 12 points. A higher score indicates a balanced performance on the six major food intake frequencies
Time Frame
Baseline and the fourth month
Title
Change from Baseline in the six major food frequency questionnaire at the sixth month
Description
The six major food frequency questionnaire is a validated self-reported instrument to assess the eating habits of hemodialysis patients,Full score is 12 points. A higher score indicates a balanced performance on the six major food intake frequencies
Time Frame
Baseline and the sixth month

10. Eligibility

Sex
All
Minimum Age & Unit of Time
51 Years
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria: the biochemical value ≥ 5.5 mg/dl or albumin value<3.8g/dL BMI<23kg/m2 Unexpected weight loss. Must be able to swallow tablets Exclusion Criteria: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Malignant tumors, gastrointestinal cachexia, and catheterization
Central Contact Person:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
liu-yin Liu
Phone
07-6150011
Ext
5121
Email
ed113442@edah.org.tw
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name or Official Title & Degree
Hsin-Lan Wen
Phone
07-6150011
Ext
5121
Email
ed100844@edah.org.tw
Overall Study Officials:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
liu-yin Liu
Organizational Affiliation
The Nursing department of EDAHospital
Official's Role
Principal Investigator
Facility Information:
Facility Name
Liu liu.yin
City
Kaohsiung
ZIP/Postal Code
84402
Country
Taiwan
Individual Site Status
Recruiting
Facility Contact:
First Name & Middle Initial & Last Name & Degree
Liu liu.yin, postgraduate
Phone
07-6150011
Ext
5121
Email
ed113442@edah.org.tw

12. IPD Sharing Statement

Plan to Share IPD
No
IPD Sharing Plan Description
Based on the privacy and confidentiality factors of the subjects' personal data
Citations:
PubMed Identifier
26843138
Citation
Karavetian M, Elzein H, Rizk R, Jibai R, de Vries N. Nutritional education for management of osteodystrophy: Impact on serum phosphorus, quality of life, and malnutrition. Hemodial Int. 2016 Jul;20(3):432-40. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12405. Epub 2016 Feb 3.
Results Reference
result
Links:
URL
https://consumer.fda.gov.tw
Description
I will refer to the food composition analysis in the materials, and the part about phosphorus and protein will be the basis of the research.

Learn more about this trial

Explore the Effectors of The Transtheoretical Model on Nutritional Education in Patients on Hemodialysis

We'll reach out to this number within 24 hrs